The History of Phrenology on the Web (http://www.historyofphrenology.org.uk/)
 
By John van Wyhe
Last modified 24.2.2002

Goyder, David, G., My Battle for Life: The Autobiography of a Phrenologist. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1857. Pp. 481. some brief selections- 



124	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY of

showy, but rather rambling lecturer; but people were generally disappointed at the conclusion of his lectures. His subjects were Mnemonics and Phrenology. He was very skilful in the selection of his pupils, whom he invariably chose according to their organisation. He has passed from this natural state of being, and the conclusion of his existence was, I believe, embittered by poverty and neglect.
But, to return to myself. It was from Dr. Crook that I received my first phrenological impressions, and so firm did his instructions take hold of me, that from the time of his visit to Bristol, I noted the peculiarities of all I came in contact with, and then turned to their organisation to see if those peculiarities harmonised therewith. I was often at fault, mistaking prominent bones for eminences of brain; and as I had no one to consult, I made many mistakes.
With a very superficial knowledge of osteology, and great dread of ridicule, I kept my opinions to myself ; but, from the time of my first hearing Dr. Crook, I became a portrait collector. 1 never found a person with a low and contracted forehead possessed of high intellectual ability ; and eminence of intellect I ever found associated with depth and breadth of forehead. My portrait collecting has continued; and, at the present time, a period of thirtysix years from my first impression of phrenology, 1 think I possess the best collection of portraits of any phrenologist in Great Britain.
I continued to take notice of the formation of the head of the different persons I came in contact with. In other words, I began to reduce to practice my small amount of phrenological knowledge * I did this both with regard to children as well as adults, and my situation afforded me abundant opportunities for the study of character. I had a deaf and dumb pupil, who was largely endowed with the qualities of imitation and music. 1 wondered whether music could be considered as a primitive and independent

*. I fell in with two volumes of portraits, magnificently executed, and dedicated to his Majesty Geo. iv., and I studied them attentively.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 125

power. Here was a child who could neither hear nor speak, and yet, according to phrenology, had the organ of Tune freely and prominently developed. I determined to try whether or no I could by imitation teach him to sing. I therefore always had him near me during the exercise, made him imitate the motion of my mouth, and utter sounds, and at last succeeded perfectly in teaching him several tunes. He became quite a prodigy among us, and many were the persons who came to hear the dumb boy ham a tune. Still, as he could not hear, I was at a loss whether even then I could set this organ down as a primitive power, although it is certain Tune was in this child very largely developed.
But from this child I turned my attention to others, and I drew my monitors from the ranks of my pupils for different duties according to their organisation, and was always successful. I had a music master, an arithmetician, a writing master, a reading master, a teacher of geography, all from my pupils, and all turned out good teachers. Phrenology, therefore, I thought must be true. But I kept all this to myself, for, as I have said, I was exceedingly sensitive and susceptible, and dreaded ridicule above all things ; but no one came near me without being noticed, and if he had peculiarities, they were stored in my memory. As before stated, I had no books but Dr. Crook's Compendium, a little book of about twenty-four pages (which the doctor had presented me), so I could learn but little from that.
In the beginning of the year 1822, the school began to excite so much interest in the public mind, that persons from distant parts of the country came to visit it, with the view of establishing similar schools, and I was now frequently called upon to give explanatory lectures in different parts of Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, and Shropshire,so that, after five days' arduous labor, I often had to travel on the outside of the mail all night, give a lecture, organise a school, and return in the space of a fortnight, the whole duties of my own school devolving upon my wife in my

122	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

the schodl far and near. Persons came many miles to spend a day with us, and I received many very flattering testimonials. At a large public meeting and exhibition of the various exercises of the children in marching, singing, and lessons on objects, a vote of approval was passed on my efforts, which was to this effect :-

That this meeting has viewed with delight and astonishment the evolutions of the children, and desire to record their testimony that the Superintendent has discharged the important duties of his situation with the utmost kindness and ability.'

After this I was frequently called upon to assist in the organisation of other schools, and soon had an extensive correspondence with the friends of education all over the country.
It was at the beginning of the year 1822, that Dr. Crook, a celebrated professor of mnemonics, called upon me at Bristol. He first lectured upon mnemonics, to a large and fashionable audience, in the Bristol Athenmum. This system to me was entirely new, but, at the same time, very attractive, and I was very anxious to learn it ; but his terms were too high, and his hours of lecturing interfered with my school engagements; so I was, at that time, obliged to forego his instructions. He, however, gave one evening lecture, which I attended, and was filled with astonishment at the extent of memory displayed by his pupils in the recollection of dates, facts of history, and in botany. I have since completely learned his system, which, however, I have not found of any great benefit to myself. Having finished his course of mnemonics, he entered upon an evening coursy of phrenology. This was also, then, quite a new science. I believe the doctor was the first who introduced it into Bristol, and it attracted immense attention, and excited much interest in the city. I was among the most enthusiastic of its admirers. Dr. Crook presented me with his Compendium of the science, but it was a mere chart. It gave no idea of the history and discovery of the science; it simply laid down the position of the organs, and stated their respective functions, so that I did not learn much

A PHRENOLOGIST. 123

from him, and he had but very few illustrations. Still it took a firm hold of my mind, -and I determined to observe for myself, and to note down my observations.
Dr. Crook was himself a subject well worth study. He had a large head, and, consequently, great power of brain ; but his organisation has appeared to me, since I first commenced the study of phrenology, by no means a happy one. His temperament was bilious-nervous, his activity great, but he appeared to me to lack the power of concentration. Of his intellectual faculties, the perceptives were very freely drawn out, and his eye was large and sparkling. The reflecting faculties were not so good as the observing, but the upper and lateral parts of the forehead were prominent. Benevolence was fully developed, and Imitation, Marvellousness, and Ideality, essentially large. His Veneration was also very good, and Firmness very striking; but, from the anterior part of the vertex, the head sloped towards the centre of ossification (parietal bones), and then swelled out, giving great prominence over the opening of the upper part of the ear, and increasing in size towards the temples. His Self-Esteem was large, and his Love of Approbation preternaturally so ; and, at the posterior-inferior angle of the parietal bones, the cranium presented a striking eminence. These peculiarities rendered him very irritable, while intense Self-Esteem and Love of Approbation rendered him exacting, and, at the same time, gave him a high opinion of his own abilities, which he expected every one to acknowledge and speak well of. He was also sarcastic, and sneered at the abilities of such persons as he deemed his inferiors, while he covered with applause those who flattered him.
I have known the doctor for many years, and have observed him most carefully, and his organisation was one of the most perfect illustrations of the truth of phrenology I have ever seen. His leading powers were Language, Individuality, Wit, Imitation, Marvellousness, Firmness, Self-Esteem, Love of Approbation, Secretiveness, Combativeness, and Destructiveness. He was a brilliant and

A PHRENOLOGIST. 153

In 1796 Dr. Gall commenced giving courses of lectures at Vienna. Several of his hearers, as well as others, who had never heard him lecture, published notices of his doctrines, which were represented with greater or less exactness.
In 1800, Dr. Spurzheim commenced his labors in conjunction with Dr. Gall, and in that year assisted, for the first time, at one of his courses of lectures. He entered with great zeal into the consideration of the new doctrines, and to use his own words, he was simply a hearer of Dr. Gall, till 1804, at which period he was associated with him in his labors, and his character of hearer ceased.
Dr. Spurzheim' (says Dr. Gall), ° who for a long time had been familiar with the physiological part of my doctrine, and who was particularly expert in anatomical researches, and in the dissection of the brain, formed the design of accompanying, and of pursuing in common with me, the investigations which had for their end the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system.'
Gall and Spurzheim quitted Vienna in 1805, to travel together, and to pursue, in common, their researches. Dr. Gall having expressed a desire to inspect the prisons of Berlin, with the view of making himself acquainted with their arrangements and construction, as well as of observing the heads of the prisoners, it was proposed .to him that he should visit not only the prisons of that city, but the Hosse of Correction, and the fortress of Spandau.*
Accordingly, on the 17th of April, 1805, Dr. Gall began with those of Berlin, in presence of the directing commissaries, the superior officers of the establishment, the inquisitors of the criminal deputation, the counsellor Thurnagel, and Schmidt, the assessors Muhlberg, and Wunder, the superior counsellor of the medical inspection,

This account is translated from Nos. 97 and 98 of the I Freymathige,' May 1805. It is also given by Demangeon in his ' Physiologie Intellectuene.' Paris, 1806.

154	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

Welper, Dr. Flemming, Professor Wildenow, and several other gentlemen.
As soon as Dr. Gall had satisfied himself in regard to the regulations and general management of the establishment, the party went to the criminal prisons, and to the salles de travail, where they found about 200 prisoners, whom Dr. Gall was allowed to examine, without a word being said to him, either of their crimes, or of their characters.
It may here be remarked, that the great proportion of those detained in the criminal prisons, are robbers or thieves ; and, therefore it was to be expected that if Dr. Gall's doctrine were true, .the organ of Acquisitiveness should, as a general rule, be found to predominate in these individuals. This accordingly soon appeared to be the case. The heads of all the thieves resembled each other more or less in shape. All of them presented a width and prominence at that part of the temple where the organ is situated, with a depression above the eyebrows, a retreating forehead, and the skull flattened towards the top. These peculiarities were perceptible at a single glance ; but the touch rendered still more striking the difference between the form of the skulls of robbers, and that of the skulls of those who were detained for other causes. The peculiar shape of the head, generally characteristic of thieves, astonished the party still more, when several prisoners were ranged in a line ; but it was never so strikingly borne out and illustrated as when, at the request of Dr. Gall, all the youths from 12 to 15 years of age, who were confined for theft, were collected together; their heads presented so very nearly the same configuration, that they might easily have passed for the offspring of the same stock.
It was with great ease that Dr. Gall distinguished confirmed thieves from those who were less dangerous ; and in every instance his opinion was found to agree with the result of the legal interrogatories. The heads in which Acquisitiveness was most predominant, were that of

A PHRENOLOGIST.

Columbus, and, among the children, that of the little H., whom Gall recommended to keep in confinement for life as utterly incorrigible. Judging from 'the judicial proceedings, both had manifested an extraordinary disposition for thieving.
In entering one of the prisons, where all the women presented a predominance of the same organ, except one, (then busy at the same employment, and in precisely the same dress as the offenders,) Dr. Gall asked, as soon as he perceived her, why that person was there, seeing that her head presented no appearance indicative of any propensity to steal. He was then told that she was not a criminal, but the inspectress of works. In the same way he distinguished other individuals confined for different causes besides theft.
Several opportunities of seeing Acquisitiveness, combined with other largely-developed organs, presented themselves. In one prisoner it was joined with Benevolence, and the organ of Theosophy, the latter particularly large. This individual was put to the proof, and in all his discourses showed great horror at robberies accompanied with violence, and manifested much respect for religion. He was asked which he thought the worse action, to ruin a poor laborer by taking his all, or to steal from a church without harming anyone? He replied that it was too revolting to rob a church, and that he could never summon resolution enough to do it.
Dr. Gall was requested to examine particularly the heads of the prisoners implicated in the murder of a Jewess which had taken place the preceding year. In the principal murderer, Marcus Hirscb, he found a head, which, besides indicating very depraved dispositions, presented nothing remarkable, except a very great development of the organ of Perseverance. His accomplice, Jeannette Marcus, had an extremely vicious conformation of brain, the organ which leads to theft being greatly developed, as well as that of Destructiveness. He found in the female servants, Benkendorf and Babette, great want of circum-

156	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

spection ; and, in the wife of Marcus Hirsch, a form of head altogether insignificant. All this was found to be in strict accordance with the respective characters of the prisoners, as ascertained by the legal proceedings.
The prisoner Fritze, suspected of having killed his wife, and apparently guilty of that crime, although he still stoutly denied it, was next shown to Dr. Gall. The latter found the organs of Cunning, and Firmness, highly developed-qualities which his interrogator had found him manifest in the very highest degree.
In the tailor Maschke, arrested for counterfeiting the legal coin, and whose genius for the mechanical arts was apparent in the execution of his crime, Gall found, without knowing for what he was confined, the organ of Constructiveness much developed, and a head so well organised, that he lamented several times the fate of that man. The truth is, that this Maschke was well known to possess great mechanical skill, and at the same time much kindness of heart.
Scarcely had Dr. Gall advanced a few steps into another prison, when he perceived the organ of Constructiveness equally developed, in a man named Troppe, a shoemaker, who, without any teaching, applied himself to the making of watches, and other objects, by which he now lives. In examining him more nearly Gall found also the organ of Imitation, generally remarkable in comedians, considerably developed ; a just observation, since the crime of Troppe was that of having extorted a considerable sum of money under the feigned character of an officer of police. Gall observed to him that he must assuredly have been fond of playing tricks in his youth, which he acknowledged. When Gall said to those about him, ° If that man had fallen in the way of comedians he would have become an actor,' Troppe, astonished at the exactness and precision with which Gall unveiled his disposition, told them that he bad in fact been some time (six months) a member of a strolling company-a circumstance. which had not till then been discovered.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 157

In, the head of the unhappy Heisig, who, in a state of intoxication, had stabbed his friend, Gall found a generally good conformation, with the exception of a very deficient Cautiousness, or great rashness. He remarked in several other prisoners the organs of Language, Color, and Mathematics, in perfect accordance with the manifestations ; some of the first spoke several languages ; those with large Color were fond of showy clothes, flowers, paintings, etc. ; and those with Mathematics large, calculated easily from memory.
On Saturday, 20th April, the party went to Spandau. Among those who accompanied Dr. Gall, were the Privy Counsellor Hufeland ; the Counsellor of the Chamber of Justice, Albrecht ; the Privy Counsellor Kols ; the Professor Reich, Dr. Meyer, and some others. At the House of Correction, observations were made upon 270 heads, and at the fortress, upon 200. Most of them were thieves and robbers, who presented more or less exactly the same form of head, of which the prisons of Berlin had exhibited a model. Including the whole, the prisons of Berlin, and of Spandau, had thus subjected to the examination of Dr. Gall a total of about five hundred thieves, most of them guilty of repeated offences ; and in all it was easy to verify the form of brain indicated by Gall as denoting this unhappy tendency, and to obtain the conviction, from the discourse of most of them, that they felt no remorse for their crimes, but, on the contrary, spoke of them with a sort of internal satisfaction.
The morning was spent in examining the House of Correction, and its inmates ; the most remarkable of whom were submitted, in the Hall of Conference, to the particular observation of Dr. Gall, sometimes one by one, and sometimes several at once. The combination of other organs, with that of Acquisitiveness, was also noticed.
In Kuniseb, an infamous thief and robber, who had established himself as a master carpenter at Berlin, and who, in concert with several accomplices, had committed a great number of thefts with 1° efraction" (burglary,) for

158	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

which he had been shut up till he should be pardoned, Gall found, at the first glance, the organs of Mathematics, and of Constructiveness, with a good form of head in other respects, except that the organ of Acquisitiveness was exceedingly developed. Gall said on seeing him, ° Here is an artist, a mathematician, and a good head; it is a pity he should be here'-an observation remarkable for its accuracy, as Kunisch had shown so much talent for mechanics, that he was appointed inspector of the spinning machinery, the repairing of which was confided to him. Gall asked him if he knew arithmetic, to which he answered with a smile,  How could I invent or construct a piece of work without having previously calculated all the details ?'
The head of an old woman, who was in prison for the second time for theft, presented a great development of the organs of Acquisitiveness, Theosophy, and the Love of Offspring, especially the last. Upon being asked the cause of her detention, she answered, that she had stolen, but that she fell upon her knees every day to thank her Creator for the favor she had received in being brought to this house ; that she saw in this dispensation one of the clearest proofs of the wonderful ways of Providence, for she had nothing so much at heart as her children, whom it was impossible for her to educate properly ; that since her imprisonment they had been taken into the Orphan Hospital, where they were now receiving that education which she had not had the means of giving them.
Deficiency of Cautiousness was often joined to a great endowment of Acquisitiveness. This was particularly the case in the woman Muller, whose head presented also a very remarkable development of the organ of Love of Approbation, which, according to Gall, degenerates into vanity in narrow-minded and ignorant persons. She was unwilling to acknowledge that she was fond of dress, thinking that this was not in harmony with her present situation ; but her companions insisted that she had much vanity, and was careful about nothing but her dress.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 159

In the prisoner Albert, the organ of Pride was joined with that of Acquisitiveness. 'Is it not the case,' said Gall to him, ° that you were always desirous of being the first, and of distinguishing yourself, as you used to do, when still a little boy ? I am sure that, in all your sports, you then put yourself at the head.' Albert confessed that it was so; and it is true that he still distinguishes himself by the command which he assumes over the other prisoners, and by his insubordination, to the degree that, when a soldier, he could not be constrained but by the severest punishments ; and even now he generally escapes one punishment only to incur another.
Here, as at Berlin, Gall distinguished at a glance such prisoners as were not thieves. Among others brought before him, was Regine Doering, an infanticide, imprisoned for life. This woman, different from the other infanticides, showed no repentance and no remorse for her crime, so that she entered the room with a tranquil and serene air. Gall immediately drew the attention of Dr. Spurzheim to this woman, by asking him if she had not exactly the same form of head, and the same disposition to violence, as his gardener at Vienna, Mariendel, whose chief pleasure consisted in killing animals, and whose skull now serves at his lectures, as an example of the organ of Murder. This organ was found to be very largely developed in Regine Dcaring, and the posterior part of the head, in the situation of the organ of Love of Offspring, was absolutely flattened. This was in exact accordance with the character of the culprit, in so far as her examination bore upon it ; for, not only has she had several children, of whom she has always secretly got rid, but she lately exposed and murdered one of them, already four years old, which would have led her to the scaffold, if the proofs had not been, in some respects, vague and incomplete, and her judges on that account had preferred sentencing her to imprisonment for life.
One of the gentlemen present was a distinguished musician, upon whom Gall had incidentally pointed out

160 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

one of the forms of development of the organ of Tune, which consists in a projection above the external angle of the eye. As soon as the prisoner, Kunow, appeared before him, 'Hold,' said Gall, I here is the other form in which the organ of Music shows itself : it is here, as in the head of Mozart, of a pyramidal shape, pointed upwards.' Kunow immediately acknowledged that he was passionately fond of music, that he had acquired it with facility ; and the production of the gaol register showed that he was an amateur, that be had spent his fortune, and that latterly he had had in view to give lessons in music at Berlin. Gall asked what was his crime. It appeared that he had spent his youth in debauchery, and had been condemned to imprisonment for an unnatural crime. Gall having examined his head, and found the organ of Propagation in enormous development, immediately exclaimed, ' C'est sa nuque qui l' a perdu ': ' It is the nape of his neck which has been his ruin.' Then, carrying his hand upwards towards Cautiousness, which was exceedingly deficient, he added, ' dlaudite l1g9re0' 1 Unhappy instability.'
After dinner, the party went to the fortress. Major de Beckendorf, the commandant, had the politeness to cause all the prisoners to be drawn up in line, to be presented to Dr. Gall. Here the organs of Cunning and Acquisitiveness predominated, as in the other prisons. They were sometimes so strikingly apparent, that at a glance the thief might be distinguished from the other criminals. Raps, in whom the organ of Acquisitiveness was very conspicuous, attracted, among others, the notice of Gall, who discovered at the same time large organs of Murder and Benevolence. What makes the justness of these observations very remarkable is, that Raps strangled a woman whom he had robbed, and that on going away he untied the cord from compassion, and thus saved the poor woman's life after robbing her of her property. He then examined the young Brunnert, in whom he found the organs of Acquisitiveness, Locality, Constructiveness, and Pride, which were curiously verified is his history; for

A PHRENOLOGIST.

Brunnert had committed several robberies ; bad been confined in various prisons, from which he had escaped ; fixed himself nowhere ; deserted as a soldier ; underwent several castigations for insubordination ; and, having again rebelled against his superiors, was once more waiting his sentence. He was, besides, skilful in the mechanical arts, and showed some exquisitely finished works in pasteboard which he had executed in a prison, a place very unfavorable to such talents.
The organ of Mathematics was largely developed in some ; and in each case, the power of calculation was found to correspond.
Two peasants, father and son, mixed with the thieves, attracted notice from having quite different forms of head. Gall having examined them, found an enormous development of the organ of Pride, and said, ° These two have not wished to be ruled, but to rule themselves, and to withdraw from anything lake subordination." It was discovered that the cause of their confinement was insolence to superiors.

An old soldier, who was among the prisoners, had a very large organ of Acquisitiveness. It was, however, for insubordination, and not for theft, that he was confined in the fortress ; but, on farther research, it appeared, that he had been punished several times in the regiment for having stolen.
In November, 1807, Dr. Gall (who had now made Paris his permanent residence) assisted by Dr. Spurzheim, delivered his first course of lectures at Paris, which created an immense sensation. ° His assertions,' says Chenerix, ' were supported by a numerous collection of skulls, beads, and casts, and by a multitude of physiological and anatomical facts. Great, indeed, was the ardour excited among the Parisians, by the presence of the men who, as they supposed, could tell their fortunes by their heads. Every one wanted to get a peep at them ; every one was anxious to give them a dinner or a supper ; and the writer of this article actually saw a list on which an eager can11

162	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OP

didate was delighted to inscribe himself for a breakfast distant only three months and a half, at which breakfast he sat a wondering guest.'
In 1808 they presented a Memoir to the French Institute on the 'Anatomy of the Brain,' but it was not favorably reported on.
Dr. Gall continued to reside in Paris, and from 1822 to 1826, published an edition of his work, ' Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau,' in six volumes octavo.
In March 1828, at the conclusion of one of his lectures, Dr. Gall was seized with a paralytic attack, from which be never perfectly recovered, and which ultimately carried him off the 22nd of August, 1828, in the seventysecond year of his age.t His remains were followed to the grave by an immense concourse of friends and admirers, five of whom pronounced discourses over his grave, as is the custom in France on such occasions. His death gave rise to a succession of eulogiums and attacks in the French newspapers that had scarcely ever been paralleled, and public sentiment was warmly and loudly expressed in his favor. In proof of this, I may be allowed to quote a few lines of a letter lately received from a French friend, with whom I was intimate in Paris, but who is no phrenologist, and whose testimony is therefore impartial. After speaking of the political relations of France, he adds, ' You will, I am sure, be more affected by the death of Dr. Gall, than by any political events. In truth, it is an immense loss to science. Whatever opinion we may form of the system of that illustrious man, it must be acknowledged that he has made an immense stride in the sciences of medicine and of man. You must have been satisfied with the homage paid to his memory by the side of his grave, by whatever distinguished men Paris possesses. Nothing was wanting to his glory ; not even the abuse and calumnies of our devots de gazette.'
The person of Dr. Gall was well developed ; he was

' Article published in the 'Foreign Quarterly Review.'
t Dr. Combe, ° Phren. Jour.' vol. v.

A PHRENOLOGIST.

163

five feet two inches in height, with a large cbest and strong muscles ; his step was firm, and his look vivid and penetrating.* His features, though not handsome, possessed a mild and pleasing expression. Every part of his head was strikingly developed, measuring, above the eyebrows and at the top of the ears, twenty-two inches and two lines in circumference, and fourteen inches and nine lines, from the root of the nose to the occiput.
Dr. Gall acquired an honorable reputation as a physician, writer, and philosopher, and independent of the respect shown him by all parties, he realised the additional reward of a handsome fortune.t His skill as a physician may be inferred from the fact, that, in 1820, a medal was presented to him, executed by M. Barre, an eminent artist in Paris, by order of count Potosky, a rich Polish nobleman, who took this method of expressing his deep gratitude to Dr. Gall, who had cured him of an old and dangerous malady, for which be. had in vain consulted the best medical men in Paris. On one side of the medal is the head of Dr. Gall, an admirable likeness; and on the other is Esculapius standing at the bed-side of the patient, chasing away with one hand the birds of darkness, and crushing a frog, the symbol of ignorance, under his right foot. Behind Esculapius is an altar, with a skull placed upon it, to denote the particular kind of study to which Dr. Gall was addicted. Near the couch are the arms of the count himself.
Taking Gall as a model of a phrenological portrait, it is proper that we should speak of all the cerebral organs, belonging to our nature.T
The organs of Amativeness, Philoprogenitiveness, Adhesiveness, Combativeness, and Destructiveness were all very well developed in Gall. His Secretiveness was also rather large, but he never made a bad use of it. He was too conscious of his intellectual powers to obtain his ends by cunning or fraud. He was frank and honest, but acute and penetrating.

' pr. Fossati, ° Paris Phren. Jour.' t ' Phren. Trans.' ; ' Fossati.'







176	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OP

16 Farbensinn, Perception of answering to Color.
	Colors
17 Tonsin, Music	-answering to Tune.
18 Zahlensinn, Number	-answering to Number.
19 Ifunstsinn, Bausinn, Ap
	titude for the Mecha- answering to Constructiveness.
	nical Arts
20 Pergleichender, Scharf-'

sinn, Comparative Sa- answering to Comparison. gacity for Drawing
	Comparison	))s
21 Netaphysischer, Tiefsinn,
	Metaphysical Depth of answering to Causality.
	Thought, Aptitude for
	Drawing Conclusions
22 Wtz, wit	--answering to Pit.
23 Dichtergeist, Poetry	-answering to Ideality.
24 Gutmuthigkeit,Xitleiden, answering to Benevolence.
	Good Nature
Darstellungsinn, Mimicry-answering to Imitation.

	Theosophy, Theosophie, I answering to Veneration.
		Religion
27 Festigkeit, Firmness of
		Character

In the engraved plate the numbers are altered, but the situation of the organs, of course, remains the same. It will be seen that Gall's system extends to twenty-seven organs ; the system now numbers thirty-five ; but it must not be presumed from this that the system is complete. The organ of Gustativeness, or Alimentiveness, is included in the plate, but there is reason to dispute its functions, at least, many Phrenologists contend that there is not a sufficient number of determined facts on record to pronounce it established. There is also a conjectured organ for Love of Life, and the American Phrenologists enumerate many newly discovered organs ; but as I have had no proofs of their actual existence myself, I refrain from enumerating them. The plate, therefore, which accompanies this may be relied upon by the reader as exhibiting a correct delineation of all the organs as yet discovered and' established. To return now to my narrative

25
26


answering to Firmness.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 17'7

In 1824 there was but one periodical connected with the Swedenborgians, and that was of a learned and highly intellectual character ; it was entitled, the 'Intellectual Repository for the New Church,' a title which it amply sustained. Its circulation, however, was limited to the more wealthy and cultivated members. Books, then, were not, as now, plentiful and cheap. Good treatises were costly ; and none were more expensive than elementary works of science and philosophy, and even of religion and morality. My position soon led me to perceive the want of a magazine for the poorer members of the church, one which should give details of the progress of Swedenborgianism from month to month, written in a plain and popular style, and at the same time give short passages on scientific subjects. So I formed the design of a monthly magazine, and issued a prospectus for its publication. It was entitled the ' New Church Christian's Pocket Magazine.' I communicated with the leading Swedenborgians, and received papers from the Rev. J. Proud, Dr. Church. hill, Rev. S. Noble, Mr. J. W. Salmon, of Nantwich, Mr. Birchwood, of Manchester, and some others. But it was not sufficiently supported, and, after carrying it on for twelve months, I was obliged to discontinue it for want of means.
My perusal of the discipline of the Quakers made me acquainted with the fact, that that exemplary people supported their own poor, and I thought it a moat desirable thing that the Swedenborgians should do the same. I had the greatest reverence for Mr. Proud, who at this time was the patriarch of the New Church ; so I communicated my thoughts to him, and begged him, if he approved the matter, to write a paper on the subject, which I might insert in the ' Pocket Magazine.' Re at once responded to my request, and wrote au excellent paper, ' To the Members of the New Church, on the Necessity of Supporting their Own Poor,' which I inserted as the leading article in the May (1824) number of the magazine ; but it did not meet with the encouragement 12


142	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

the project of learning by observation to distinguish the functions of the different portions of the brain must be hopeless. 'This difficulty be combatted by the reflection that his brothers, sisters, and school-fellows bad all received very nearly the same education, but that he had still observed each of them unfolding a distinct character, over which circumstances appeared to exert only a limited control. He observed also that not unfrequently they whose education had been conducted with the greatest care, and on whom the labors of teachers bad been most freely lavished, remained far behind their companions in attainments.

Being convinced by these facts that there is a natural and constitutional diversity of talents and dispositions, he encountered in books still another obstacle to his success, in determining the external signs of the mental powers. He found that, instead of faculties, for acquiring languages, drawing, distinguishing places, music, and mechanical arts, corresponding to the different talents which he had observed in his school-fellows, the metaphysicians spoke only of general powers, such as perception, conception, memory, imagination, and judgment ; and when he endeavored to discover external signs in the head corresponding to these general faculties, or to determine the correctness of the physiological doctrines regarding the seat of the mind, as taught by the authors already mentioned, he found perplexities without end, and difficulties insurmountable.

Abandoning every theory and pre-conceived opinion, therefore, Gall gave biuzself up entirely to the observation of nature. Being physician to a lunatic asylum in Vienna, he bad opportunities of which he availed himself of making observations on the insane. He visited prisons, and resorted to schools ; he was introduced to the courts of princes, to colleges, and the seats of justice ; and wherever he heard of an individual dis.. tinguished in any particular way, either by remarkable endowment or deficiency, be observed and studied the development of the head. In this manner, by an almost

A PHRENOLOGIST.

imperceptible induction, he conceived himself warranted in believing that particular mental powers are indicated by particular configurations of the head. The successive steps, by which Dr. Gall proceeded in his discoveries are particularly deserving of attention. He did not, as many have imagined, first dissect the brain, and pretend, by that means, to have discovered the seats of the mental powers ; neither did be, as others have conceived, first map out the skull into various compartments, and assign a faculty to each, according as leis imagination led him to conceive the place appropriate to the power ; on the contrary, he first observed a concomitance betwixt particular talents and dispositions, and particular forms of the head ; he next ascertained, by removal of the skull, that the figure and size of the brain are indicated by these external forms, and it was only after these facts were determined that the brain was minutely dissected, and light thrown upon its structure.

196	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

would pursue his object even when everybody. else thought its attainment hopeless. His temperament had a bilious-nervous predominance, and his activity was uniform and steady. . On one occasion, while visiting at his house, I was introduced by him to a lady of the name of Merton, whom I also began to notice with a phrenological eye. But she as readily read me ; and asked me very unexpectedly if I had ever studied phrenology. I replied that I had gained a smattering of it from the study of Dr. Crook's ' Compendium,' but that I had seen none of the larger works. I said, however, that as soon as my engagement with Mr. - was completed, I should try and get some further light upon the subject.

She told me that she had Dr. Spurzheim's large work and also a bust,' and that, if I would give her my word that I would study the science, master the details, and then engage as a lecturer, she would make me a present of them. I looked at her with surprise, but she only remarked-' Is it a bargain ? very well then (without giving time to answer), they shall be at your house tomorrow morning.' She was as good as her word ; and, from that time, I began to study Spurzheim most devotedly, though I still kept my own secret. I observed all, but I said very little. I was not yet sufficiently confident to lecture, and if I then had even a more mature knowledge of the science, there was no field in which I could exercise it ; so I observed, but held my tongue. I found Dr. Spurzheim's work a wonderful assistance to me ; it was so very simple in its illustrations, and was withal so well illustrated by portraits, that I took a pleasure in reading and observing the portraits again and again. In short, Dr. Spurzheim was soon my own in every sense. His arguments, his portraits, his anecdotes were well grounded in my memory. Still, my own experience was very limited, and the facts and illustrations of Dr. Spurzheim were almost all foreign ; so I could not hope these would make any very permanent impression on an English audience. Bat

A PHRENOLOGIST. 197

phrenology was a fresh stimulus to study medicine. Well, I continued my attendance on my medical friend, and acquired respectable proficiency. I could, however, only be present with him in the evening.

My success in teaching introduced me to some wealthy families, and it was thought a desirable thing to establish a school for children of the wealthier part of the community, on the principles of Pestalozzi. A lady attended the Liverpool school for the purpose of being trained, and a suitable room was obtained and opened, but the experiment was not successful. The lady, however, succeeded in establishing a school for children, of from seven to fourteen years of age. She pursued, though of course on a more extended scale, my methods ; or, rather, those of Pestalozzi. She has since realised a competency. To return to my narrative :-While thus actively engaged in the duties of my school during the day, and in the study of medicine during the evening, I was not unmindful of my promise to Dr. Churchill-to make myself useful as a minister whenever and wherever I had the opportunity. My theological studies were usually in the morning before the duties of the school commenced.

When I first commenced preaching, I wrote my sermons at full length ; but, by the advice of Mr. Proud, I discontinued this, and having well studied my subject, wrote down the leading points, and references to Scripture for illustration, and then relied upon my memory for filling up the respective parts. I, however, when any particular occasion required it, continued to write my discourse at full length. In 1826, I was solicited to become the pastor of one of the societies of Swedenborgians in Liverpool, but this I declined, as I still was occasionally called away to organise other schools, and I could not pledge myself to be regular in the discharge of Sunday duties. Still, whenever I was at home, I officiated. At this time there existed in Manchester a kind of Home Missionary Society among the Swedenborgians ; it was established as early as 1813, and in

286 	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

the clergy of the Established Church, and was afterwards translated into Gaelic. Subsequently it was reprinted, and it now forms No. 1 of the ' Glasgow Series of Christian Tracts.' It has had a circulation of at least ten thousand copies, and is stereotyped.

From the publication of this sermon originated the idea of publishing a regular series of doctrinal and other tracts, which should embody the views of the Swedenborgians in popular language, and which should be treated on exclusively scriptural grounds, without mentioning the denomination from which they emanated. As usual, I consulted my friend upon this subject, and he so far agreed with me that he promised to assist in the work, but advised that the tracts should be published at long intervals ; he at the same time wished me to undertake the composition of a work which should be suitable for Sunday reading, and be adapted for Sunday Schools as well as simple-minded Christians of adult age, promising that he would secure me from any loss. I shall have to return again to this subject in a future part of my narrative, but I at once proceeded to the composition of the work, which was for the most part original, but there were selections from various authors, as well from Swedenborgians as from other denominations of Christians.

I had been in Glasgow about a year and a-half when I learned that there was a Phrenological Society in the city, and I immediately sought admission into it, and was At length accepted and admitted a member. This gave me access to the highly valuable library of the Society,

and I lost no time in the perusal of the works, metaphysical	A,

as well as phrenological, which it contained. I was so repeatedly at the library, and spent so much time in the inspection of the different casts and crania in the museum, that I began to attract the attention of the principal members, and was frequently invited to their houses. Most of them were persons moving in the higher circles of society, and all eminent men of science. A few were professors in the medical schools of the University:

A PHRENOLOGIST. 287

At this time an advertisement appeared in most of the London papers offering a prize of a hundred guineas for the best essay, which should illustrate the vice of Covetousness existing in the Christian Church. Although I was much engaged in preaching, I still had much leisure on my bands, for I did not write my sermons. It occurred to me that I might profitably occupy my spare time in the composition of an essay which should call into exercise my acquired pbrenological knowledge, and enable me .to depict the workings of covetousness in the various departments of the nonprofessing world, as well as in the Christian Church. I resolved, however, that my essay should first do duty as a sermon. 1 then re-arranged it, and at length sent it to Dr. Conquest. There were upwards of a hundred competitors, and the prize was adjudged to Mr. now Dr. Harris. The title of the prize essay was ' MAMMON, or the Sin of Covetousness in the Christian Church.' Many of the essays were published, and among them mine, which I entitled, ° AcQUISITIVENESS, ITS USES AND ABUSES.' I dedicated my essay to my friends, Messrs. George and Joseph Senior, of Dalton, near Huddersfield. It met with a very favorable reception, and went through two editions.

Meantime, I was unremitting in my attendance at the Phrenological Society's meetings. I took no part in the discussions, but I scarcely missed an essay that was read, or a lecture that was delivered, for nearly two years, and I was a close observer of the casts in the Society's museum. In 1838 I submitted myself for phrenological examination to the President of the Glasgow Phrenological

Society, first writing a few preliminary observations.on my habits and feelings, and presenting them in a sealed envelope, which was not to be opened until the predication of the character by the persons appointed. I extract this article from the Manuscript Journal of the Glasgow Phrenological Society of 1838 ; the following is a verbatim copy :

288 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

' MEASUREMENT	AND MANIPULATION OF THE
	HEAD OF -.

The measurement by Wm. Weir, Esq., M.D., Senior
Physician of the Glasgow Infirmary. The inferences deduced from the measurement, by Jonathan Barber, Esq., Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. The Preliminary Observations are by , and also the notes to Mr. Barber's Inferences.
From my earliest youth I have been most ardently attached to children, and their company still affords me the highest delight.
I have been, by my friends, strongly censured as being destitute of the homely quality of prudence. This, I am convinced, is an error on their part ; I always lay my plans by calculation, but I have such an exuberant share of hope that I imagine such plans are only necessary to be carried into execution to ensure success. I believe my disappointments, in most cases, to have arisen from this exuberant hope.
' I have a passion, almost a mania for books, of which I am very conservative. I am select in my choice. I am fond of works of imagination, (such as Scott and Bulwer) poetry and the higher branches of the drama. I am particularly pleased with such works as reserve the denouement of the plot till the very last moment. I am equally fond of witty and humorous narratives, but prefer reading them when alone.
I I am fond of knowing the opinions of different sects on the important topic of religion. I read works of polemical divinity with intense pleasure.
' I feel very timid on first introduction to a stranger or strange company-I cannot acquire any thing like confidence until I have been assured by kindness. Should I be spoken to with unkindness or asperity, I can scarcely answer without stammering, and my agitation is some. times so great that I perspire at every pore.
'In matters of religion, I feel the widest tolerance to

A PHRENOLOGIST.

289

almost all parties. My religious opinions are the result of close investigation of almost every other creed ; I feel, however, considerable antipathy to the doctrines, but not to the persons, of those who limit the mercy of the Divine Being ; if 1 am in company with persons of this description, and the subject of religion is started, I am impetuous and sometimes passionate. I also feel repugnance to the doctrines of those who deny the divinity of the Saviour, but I never introduc0 religious topics in private societies unless I am personally solicited.
Before I knew Phrenology I was frequently hot-tempered and impetuous, but I have learned since to keep a watch over my propensities. I used to be very fond of attending a school of theology in Liverpool, where I was stationed some years since.
I have a peculiar feeling of what the English call Comfortableness. A small snug room, carpeted, with an easy chair, and a well selected library, is the very height of my ambition.
I feel great pleasure in the possession of drawings, engravings, and paintings ; but I have not the smallest ability in the use of the pencil. I have collected portraits since 1821:
I I delight in analogies, and am able to reason much better by analogy than induction.
I am passionately fond of music. In walking the streets, sometimes melodious strains appear to pass through my mind spontaneously, and I have been irresistibly impelled to break forth into a whistle, and sometimes even into the singing of an air. I have composed several moral songs for children.
I am at times timid, nervous, and subject to palpitations of the heart. I have a most ardent love of life. The smallest illness alarms me. I have tried to conquer this feeling in vain. I know it is wrong, but I cannot, with all my efforts, entirely subdue it. The feeling of love of life absorbs for a time every other. When I

I now possess many hundred portraits of eminent men and women. 19

290	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

think exclusively upon spiritual subjects, then I lose this feeling.
I I may add, that I am very quick in my motions, and, if stimulated, can get through almost any labor.
These remarks are hastily thrown together for the purpose of ascertaining how they harmonise with my organization.'

'MEASUREMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAD OF-, AGED
42, EDUCATED-TEMPERAMENT, SANGUINE-NERVOUS.

	MEASUREMENT OF HEAD, INCLUDING HAIR, WHICH IS THICK.
		Inches.
Greatest size round the whole
	head . 22
From Occipital spine to Indi
	viduality, over crown . 141
From ear to ear, over crown	13J
	„ Philoprogenitiveness to
	Individuality	7
From Concentrativenesa to
	Comparison
Ear to Individuality
	„ Benevolence
	„ Comparison
	„ Veneration
	„ Firmness

1 AmatiVeness
2 Philoprogenitiveneas
3 Concentrativeness
4 Adhesiveness
5 Combativeness
fi Destructiveness
7 Secretiveness
8 Acquisitiveness
9 Constructiveness
10 Self-esteem
11 Love of Approbation
12 Cautiousness
13 Benevolence
14 Veneration
15 Firmness
16 Conscientiousness
17 Hope
18 Wonder
' Scale of Size:-Full, 14 ; rather large, 16 ; large, 20.
'Outer part of eyebrow better developed than inner. Reflective faculties larger than knowing.'

	Inches.
Ear to Philoprogenitivenesa			4
From Cautiousness to Cau-
tiousness		51
From Secretiveness to Secre-
tiveness		5'-a
From Destructiveness to Destructiveness

From Acquisitiveness to Ac-

41 From Mastoid process to
52 Mastoid process
5J From Constructiveness to
5J		Constructiveness .	41
5		From Ideality to Ideality	4'-~

MEASURED WITH CALLIPERS.

16
is
17 19 17 17 19 18 16 15 17 18 20 19 16 19 18 19

19 Ideality
20 wit
21 Imitation
22 Individuality
23 Form
24 Size
25 Weight
26 Coloring
27 Locality
28 Order
29 Number
30 Eventuality
31 Time
32 Tune
33 Language
34 Comparison
35 Causality

5t

17 17 is 15 17 is 16 17 15 18 18 17 17 17 18 19 18

large, 18 ; very

A PHRENOLOGIST. 291

INFERENCES BY JONATHAN BARBER ESQ., M.R.C.S.

The power of this brain, considered as a whole, is average, with considerable activity. The constitution, probably, excitable and delicate. The feelings common to man and animals, will, in their manifestations- be subordinated to the intellectual and moral faculties, aided by the caution and regard for character which prevails in the constitution of this brain. They exist, however, in a considerable degree. The domestic affections are strong,
especially attachment. Moral would eves be preferred to promiscuous love ; and the amative passion would be
prompted by personal regard, and be found in union with it. Pretty and orderly children would be very interest-

ing to this individual. He is exceedingly kind-prompt in rendering assistance, and has pleasure in serving others. I should think a tale of distress would always excite his

charity ; but he would inquire into its truth, and be apt to suspect deception ; * and even his benevolence must act

in harmony with his reflecting faculties. He values property, and pursues his calling with attention to interest and reputation. His desire of distinction is great, but he is no boaster, nor does he like such as are. His
large Caution and Secretiveness, combined with his reflecting faculties, make him modest, particularly as his Self-esteem is not inordinate ; he is consequently free

from arrogance, and will be esteemed by his acquaintance. He must have considerable humor and dramatic power f

This is true; I am certainly suspicious, and have frequently expressed my doubts even to the objects soliciting relief, but with all my caution I have frequently been imposed upon. In truth, in some instances, I have been incapable of withstanding solicitation, even though I have known the objects to be unworthy.

t This is singularly correct, though not mentioned by me in my former observations in so marked a manner. I have said I am food of works of humor, and of the higher branches of the drama. In my younger days I had a strong predilection for the stage, and few of my companions could excel me in reading a comedy. I have often read to my family, I mean brothers and sisters, with such effect as to hear them observe, it was nearly as good to hear me read, as to witness a performance. With all my love for dramatic literature, I have never witnessed the representation of a tragedy.

292	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY Of

-has pleasure in music and the fine arts. In geometry and the mathematics (particularly where number * is concerned), he has superior power. He is more attentive to phenomena than to mere objects ; and natural history is not, in its still departments, his favorite pursuit. He is capable of succeeding in those sciences in which inference and deduction are to be made from phenomena. Phrenology should interest him.t He has a respect for religion, and is no scoffer. If educated in orthodoxy, probably adheres to the kirk. He will require morality, however, as well as doctrine, but will reconcile the mysteries with the other parts of his faitb. When young, the wonderful$ attracted him, but his reflective powers lift him above superstition.
I He has temper and spirit, but they never exhibit themselves in ebullitions of passion. § He is honorable in pecuniary transactions, and expects from others the integrity he is disposed to manifest himself.
I He is neat and orderly in his habits-social, and disposed to the pleasures of society. 11
In language, and the arts of design, he is not deficient,[

This is also very correct. In 1825 I compiled a work on Mental Arithmetic, which went through four editions, The work was an illustration of restalozzes System of Mental Calculation.
t No study more so.
$ This is true. 'When young,' I devoured fictions by the score, and the more marvellous and intricate they were the better were they suited to my depraved taste. I Celina! (a tale of Mystery,) ' The Monk,' Mrs. Radcliffe's works, and the works of the author of ' Bertram,' were among my choicest luxuries of the imagination.
§ This is not so correct. I have frequently, though not of late years, been carried away by passion, but when the ebullition has subsided, I have endured the most bitter suffering from a due sense of the impropriety of my conduct. I attribute my subjugation of this fiery temper to my acquaintance with phrenology, as much as my reflecting faculties. I may add, I am rather touchy, very jealous of my reputation, and sometimes imagine injury or insult where none is intended.
11 This is correct, and will account for my peculiar feelings of ' comfortableness' mentioned in the preliminary observations.
QAs observed in the preliminary remarks, I am fond of drawings, engravings, and paintings, and can appreciate their beauties, and point out their defects ; but I am a complete bungler with a pencil. The note of Dr. Weir, that 'the outer part of the eyebrow is better developed than the inner,' will account for this.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 293

but in the former has most ability. He is capable of being a good lecturer on subjects which be understands. A vein of dry humor runs in a continual undercurrent, and I should think, on the whole, his temper is cheerful.
I think this bead will pass through life employed in intellectual pursuits and lawful occupations, leaving little room for censure ; with attention to individual interests, yet respecting those of others, and with the esteem and regard of the great majority of those who know him.'

I now began to study the form of the head, and to occupy myself in drawing analyses of character from measurement and manipulation. I did this for some time without fee or reward, and having been appointed Curator of the Society's Museum, I devoted two hours a day, for three days in the week, to drawing inferences from cerebral development of all persons who came to me. I think in the space of two years I could not have measured less than a thousand heads. I was at length compelled to give up this gratuitous practice, I was so inundated by visitors. All seemed eager to test phrenology by an examination of their own cranium. I frequently, when a more than ordinarily marked head presented itself, drew out a written analysis for the person's guidance and education. Of the different beads brought under my notice I do not remember one more strikingly characteristic and harmonious with phrenology than a youth of Dunfermline. At the time I first saw him he was in his fifteenth year. His head was very large, measuring at that early period upwards of 23 inches in circumference, and every part was fully and freely developed. The organs of Constructiveness, Form, Size, Coloring, Ideality, Imitation, Wit, and Language, were very large indeed, and there was not an organ in the entire brain that was deficient in power. The temperament was a compound of sanguine and nervous. I recom-

294	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY of

mended the father of this youth to allow him to cultivate the arts, affirming that I was yet young enough to live to see him at the bead of his profession as an artist. I employed him to paint me several portrait illustrations of eminent men, and I was amazed at thé fidelity of the likenesses, as well as the just form and proportion of the different heads he executed ; I was no less astonished at the rapidity with which he executed the work. These portraits were painted in Indian ink to imitate busts. He also designed three illustrations for my essay on ' Acquisitiveness,' and although only just turned fourteen at the time, these illustrations were pronounced, by competent critics, perfect master-pieces of composition. With one of these I present my readers. It illustrates a fact in the history of Henry viii., which I had introduced into my essay on ' Acquisitiveness,' from Spelman's ° History of Sacrilege.' - ' When Henry wanted his first act to be passed for confiscating the property of the monasteries, the Commons rejected the bill twice. Henry then summoned them to attend him in his hall, and after keeping them waiting for four or five hours, he entered, and going up among them, looking angrily on one side and on the other, '° I hear" (said he) "that you will not pass the bill-but I will have it, or I will have some of your heads." This did the work, and the Commons passed the bill." * The design illustrates Henry in his passionate display, telling the story most faithfully.
During the great controversy between the Established Church of Scotland and the Voluntary Church, he painted three emblematical caricatures, placing the ministers of the Established Church in the most ludicrous positions, and illustrating his designs with the most pungent witticisms. They are marvellous evidences of inventive genius and mental power, and, were they published, would inflict more mental suffering upon the Church party than all the numerous lectures and speeches that emanated

* See I Essay on Acquisitiveness,' p. 21. Second Edition.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 295

from the Voluntary party. These caricatures were presented to me, and are now in my possession. I showed them to a connoisseur a short time since and he pronounced them worth a hundred guineas. It must be remembered that I .am speaking of a youth, then only in his fifteenth year ; but I am proud to say that that youth has fully justified my phrenological predictions, and is at the present time considered one of the most eminent artists Scotland has yet produced.
I had now studied phrenology for nearly twenty years, and at length I considered myself competent to become a lecturer on the science. I remembered my promise to the lady who had presented me with Spurzheim's works, and I determined to redeem it. In looking attentively at the marked bust I observed all the sentiments of morality and religion were situated in the coronal region ; the intellectual faculties in the anterior, and the propensities in the posterior ; and my own observations had confirmed me in the truth of the position of the several organs. In reading the writings of Swedenborg, particularly upon the human brain, which he designated a congeries of all the wonders in the universe, I was much struck with the harmony of his views with those of the best instructed phrenologists, and the following passage determined me to make it a kind of text for my first lecture
The human mind is distinguished into three regions, from the highest of which [the coronal region a man regards God ; from the second or middle [the anterior the world ; and from the third, or lowest, [the posterior himself ; and in consequence of this, its true nature and constitution, the mind is capable of being raised and of raising itself, because it can look towards God and heaven. It is also capable of being diffused and of diffusing itself laterally in every direction, because it can look around into the world and its nature ; and lastly it is capable of being sunk and of sinking itself, because it can look towards the earth and hell.' *- In my examination of

* Swedenborg's 'Universal Theology,' section 395.

296	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

the different casts in the Phrenological Society's Museum, I found the above remarks most wonderfully confirmed, so, as I said before, I determined to make this passage a kind of text upon which to found my principal lecture.
It may be expedient here to say, that there may be passages in ' my lectures unmarked by inverted commas, which I have met with in the course of my reading, of which I do not know the authors' names ; but these are so blended with my own ideas that I could hardly separate them. My authorities are Gall, Spurzheim, Combe, ' The Phrenological Journal,' and some other sources. I will also add, that for nearly fourteen years I read every work published on phrenology both in this country and the United States. I state these particulars that I may not be accused of borrowing the ideas of others without acknowledgment. But I have depended principally on my own observations. The following is,

MY FIRST LECTURE.

In calling the attention of our hearers to the science of phrenology, we are not insensible to the difficulties which present themselves at the outset ; and we are aware of the odium which will attach itself to the individual who attempts to lift the veil of antiquity, and to show that the speculations of the scboolmen did not always evince superhuman wisdom. Time has thrown around the classic authors of antiquity the venerable robe of sanctity, and it is almost considered impious to propound any doctrine which carries not with it the stamp of their authority. A little reflection will, however, convince us, that even among the sages of antiquity, new doctrines have ever met with persevering hostility ; and the propounders of them have, in some instances, suffered ignominious deaths, or been incarcerated in dungeons, or banished from their country, kindred, and friends. In all ages, the antipathy to what is termed rrEw has displayed itself, and those who have labored the most disin-

A PHRENOLOGIST. 297

terestedly and the most zealously to instruct mankind, have been those who have suffered most from ignorance. A few illustrations will since to prove this.
The intelligence and the virtue of Socrates was punished with death ! Anaxagoras, when he attempted to propagate a just notion of the Supreme Being, was dragged to prison ! Aristotle, after a long series of persecutions, swallowed poison ! Yirgilius, bishop of Saltzburg, having asserted that there existed Antipodes, the Archbishop of Mentz declared him a heretic ! The Abbot Trithemius, who was fond of stenography, having published several curious works on that subject, they were condemned as full of diabolical mysteries : and Frederick Ii, Elector Palatine, ordered Trithemins's original work, which was in his library, to be publicly burnt. Galileo was condemned at Rome publicly to disavow his sentiments ! Cornelius Agrippa was compelled to fly his country, merely for having exhibited a few philosophical experiments which now every schoolboy can perform ! Des Cartes was cruelly prosecuted in Holland, where he first published his opinions ; while the great geometricians and chemists, Gerbert and Roger Bacon, were abhorred as magicians, and looked upon as objects of borror ! The persecution of that which is new has lost but very little of its virulence in our own time ; for, although phrenology is received with much more complacency now than formerly, yet the reader can form but a very imperfect estimate of the obloquy which attached itself to its first promulgation; (and the present lecturer can safely say, he has, perhaps, suffered as much as any.] Not only was it difficult to obtain an audience to lecture to, but even a room to lecture in ; and when the late Dr. Spurzheim, by great interest, procured a hall at the University of Cambridge, he found himself, at the commencement of his lecture, with but one solitary hearer. At present, no such difficulties present themselves to a man of average ability ; but still the advocates of the science are often assailed with the epithets of infidels and

298	' THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

materialists ; and the staple objections now rest principally on these terms. It is contended that the science is hostile to religion; that it is a system of materialism and fatalism ;and that the philosophical infidel is its most potent champion. We feel it necessary to examine each of these objections :-
OBJECTION I. It is hostile to Religion-It is true, clergymen have written against it ; but, it is presumed, they have done so from a misapprehension of its principles, and in consequence of such misapprehension, which has generally originated in hearsay, they have not gone into the investigation sufficiently single-minded ; and many have condemned it altogether without reading a single volume of the works of its great discoverers. But the objection of a clergyman against the science is no proof of its fallacy. Many clergymen have been warm advocates of its principles. The late Rev. Dr. Welch, professor of Church History in the University of Edinburgh, was the founder of the first Phrenological Society in Great Britain. That society, in the metropolis of Scotland (Edinburgh), still exists, has a large museum and library, and has produced some of the most eminent phrenologists, -the late lamented and amiable Dr. Combe, and his brother, the justly-celebrated George Combe, one of the most profound philosophers of the present day ; Robert Cox, Esq., the editor of the ° Phrenological Journal' ; James Simpson, Esq., the celebrated educationist; Sir G. S. Mackenzie, Bart. ; and many others of equal note. Dr. Welch has left a valuable testimony in favor of the science ; his own words are •.-1 I think it right to declare that I have found the greatest benefit from the science, as a minister of the gospel. I have been led to study the evidence of Christianity anew, in connection with phrenology, and I feel my confidence in the truths of our religion increased by this new examination ; and, in dealing with my people, in the ordinary duties of my calling, the practical benefit I have derived from phrenology is incalculable.' Further, the present Archbishop of Dublin, Dr.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 299

Whateley, one of the most profound scholars, and the most eminent logicians of the present day, has declared that the objection brought against phrenology, on the ground of its opposition to religion, is utterly futile, and unworthy any rational mind. Thus, if clergymen have written against the science, eminent and dignified clergymen have written in its favor. But, if phrenology is opposed to religion, how does it happen that the bust describes special religious faculties ?-and these are, by phrenologists, absolutely declared to be atirong the most important powers of the mind. If phrenologists were anxious to overthrow religion (a thing utterly impossible), would they take so much pains to cultivate those sentiments which by all are admitted equally indispensable to the well-being of society as well as to the individual man ? Why take so, much pains to prove that there is a sentiment of benevolence, or charity; of faith or marvellousness, which induces a belief in a Supreme Being ; of hope of futurity ; of veneration, or a reverence for the Great Supreme ; of conscientiousness, or a love of integrity and truth ; of ideality, or a love of excellence ; and of firmness, or perseverance in well-doing ?-They might at once blot out all these faculties from their authenticated and well-drawn map of the mind, if they were the opponents of religion. But it is well known that the contrary is the case ; and phrenology has among its advocates clergymen of talent, and of all religious denominations.
OBJECTION II. Phrenology leads to Materialism, nay, say its opponents, is Materialism.-It cannot be denied that there are some phrenologists who so contend, but there are enow of us who protest against it. It is scarcely possibly to conceive how such a charge can be sustained. The mind may easily be proved to act by material organs, but this does not prove the mind itself to be material. Phrenologists do not deny that the mind communicates in some mysterious way with the brain ; they only say they cannot tell how. Will our opponents enlighten our darkness by informing us; if they cannot, why do they blame us

300	THE AUT0BIOGRAPHP OF

for that for which they have no solution themselves ? Matter, whether in its more gross or etherealised form, is matter still ; and if it could possess any of the attributes of spirit, it would cease to be matter. The brain itself does not think, and phrenologists-at least the majority of them-have never contended that it does. They have never pretended to show in what manner spirit becomes united with matter; nor is it necessary that they should. To those who believe in Divine Revelation, it is quite easy to prove that spirit can and does exist without matter ; but as this is a question pertaining to theology, of course it cannot be discussed here.
OBJECTION III. Phrenology leads to Fatalmm.-Now, fatalism literally implies that man is a passive being; that he has no will of his own, but is acted upon by a power he is incapable of resisting.

Phrenology has no such tendency. If one organ is in excess, there are others which may be brought to bear upon it, to restrain it and keep it in order. If one organ is deficient, by commencing its cultivation at a proper period, there is proof that its power can be increased ; and there are also other powers which may be called in to aid, and, in some degree, to compensate for, its weakness. But this no more implies fatality, than the case of the servant mentioned in the gospel, who received his Lord's money to trade with. The man that bad bat one talent was not condemned because be had but one, but because he did not make use of that one. But we contend that it is quite possible to alter and improve the organization, if commenced at a proper period of life.'
Human Tesponsibility is undoubted, and is fully admitted by phrenologists ; but, in cases of insanity, it is impossible to hold a man responsible.

* Richard Beamish, Esq., F.R.S. in a lecture delivered some time since, at the Town Hall, Buckingham, states, that his own head had so much changed by two years' hard study, as to render the casts taken of him at several previous periods scarcely recognisable as belonging to the same individual; and such is also the case with respect to the author of this Biography.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 301

It is urged further, as an insuperable objection to phrenology, that cases have been well authenticated, in which the brain has been injured, altered in structure, and even partially destroyed, while the mind has continued unimpaired, and carried on its operations with its accustomed regularity. It should, however, be borne in mind, that the organs of the brain, like the other organs of the animal economy, are double ; and therefore, as one eye may be lost, and the faculty of sight remain perfect in the other, so one organ, or one set of organs, may be diseased, or even destroyed, while the functions of the brain may still be performed with the other. A very interesting proof of the duality of the brain is given in the ° Phrenological Journal' (vol. x.), which we will cite :-
Mr. S. dreamed that he was in his parlor with a friend, and that a piece of black cloth was lying on the table, but which his friend happened to remark was fleshcolored. Hereupon arose a discussion as to the color of the cloth, Mr. S. maintaining that it was black, and his friend as strenuously insisting that it was flesh-colored. The dispute became warm, and Mr. S. offered to bet that it- was black ; his friend also offering to bet that it was flesh-color. Mr. S. concluded the bet, when his friend immediately exclaimed, 1° And is not black the color of more than half the human race ? "-thus, completely stealing a march upon Mr. S., and winning the bet. Mr. S. declares that the idea of black being flesh-color never occurred to him.-The extraordinary part of this dream is, that two operations were going on at the same time, and in the same mind-the workings of the one apparently quite concealed from the other. For instance, the part of the brain which personated himself had no knowledge whatever of the loop-hole which the part of the brain personating his friend had in reserve to close the argument. On the contrary, Mr. S. says he' was utterly abashed by the remark, immediately thinking to himself how foolish he was not to have been in possession of the idea, and this very vexation caused him to awake.'

302	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

It is thus proved the brain is dual. But the brain, besides being dual, consists of a congeries of organs, and this is easily demonstrable. If the brain were a single organ, then the idea of the metapbysicians that the mind is a tabula rasa would be correct, and educators would have it in their power to form the statesman, the lawyer, the divine ; or the architect, the painter, the sculptor, as the wishes and the means of the parent might direct. But we every day see the reverse of this, and different individuals are biassed to various pursuits, as their organization seems to impel them. If we walk the streets of large towns as observers of others, we shall perceive the multitude attracted by different objects. While the tradesman is attracted by the stock of his brother in trade, and the taste with which it is displayed to attract the eye of the public, the student will be found at the bookseller's ; and while the mechanic is observing with attention tools and machinery, the artist will be attracted by the printseller.
But if all men were similarly organised, the same attractions would arrest the attention equally of all. It is true, that as all minds possess that in common which makes them human, they acquire, to a certain extent, the same general development ; but each mind possesses something peculiar to itself, which disposes it to a course of action distinctly different to that of any other ; and this, surely, is one of the most beneficent arrangements of the Supreme, endowing different individuals with different powers or faculties, that each may minister to the general good of the whole :-

Some at the sounding anvil glow; Some the swift-sliding shuttle throw; Some, studious of the wind and tide, From pole to pole our commerce guide; Some, taught by industry, impart With hands and feet the works of art; While some, of genius more refined, With head and tongue assist mankind.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 303

The monarch, when his table's spread, Is to the clown obliged for bread; And, when in all his glory dress'd, Owes to the loom his royal vest. Do not the mason's toil and care Protect him from th' inclement air ? Does not the cutler's art supply The ornament that guards his thigh ?'

The same may be armed of everything connected with taste and art, and the bias displays itself almost invariably in infancy-at least, long before reflection leads to what is called the choice of a profession. The first development of the musical genius is while yet an infant. The harmony of sweet sounds not only catches the ear, but excites the desire to produce similar sounds. The celebrated violinist, Paganini, began his career as soon as he was able to hold the instrument. Is there any incongruity in supposing that this desire should manifest itself by some external development ? Here is a portrait of Handel :-

Let the reader examine well the lateral parts of the

304	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

forehead, where the No. 32 is marked, and he will observe them much enlarged ; and as he passes the shop-window of the music-sellers, let him observe the lateral parts of the forehead of the portraits of those eminent composers,
fiepven4y exhibited, and he will And them dl freely and firllyrvovded.
Handel's father was a physician at Halle, in Saxony, and destined his son for the profession of the law ; and, seeing his early predilection for music, determined to check it. He excluded from his house all musical society, nor would he permit music or musical instruments to be ever heard within its walls. The child, however, notwithstanding his parents' precautions, found means to hear somebody play on the harpsichord ; and the delight which be felt having prompted him to endeavor to gain an opportunity of practising what be heard, he contrived, through a servant, to procure a smaff ciaricfiord or spinnet, which he secreted in a garret, and to which he repaired every night after the family had gone to rest. Mr. Hogartb, in his popular ' History of Music,' has the following observations •.-1 A childish love for music or painting, even when accompanied with an aptitude to learn something of these arts, is not, in one case out of a hundred or a thousand, conjoined with that degree of genius, without which it would be a vain and idle pursuit.' But as phrenology would enable us to judge of the capability by the organization, if we will but appeal to it, to abide by what Mr. Hogarth advises, is to hide under a bushel that light which might serve to illuminate the whole hemisphere of that particular department of art ; and we say to parents, that where, as in the case of Handel and West (mentioned just below), music and painting develop themselves at nine years of age, and in defiance of all the difficulties opposed to them, cultivate respectively such talents : such children are public benefactors in embryo, and the parents may live to behold them arise to eminence.
It is the same with painting. The infant painter no

A PHRENOLOGIST. 305

sooner sees the effect produced by the pencil, than the will impels him to grasp the tiny tool, that he may gratify his love of the art by attempting to sketch a picture for himself. Is it too much to say that thia love
_0 d_1 re- pi selt'.bysPl PeeVrr~i-IR1AIX ~e-valdeoWyo~omeat P
T6elxle Aev1=1,~ West a°6e sox of'VWaaker psreals, Wda prohibit, by their discipline, the cultivation of the arts, yet gave indications of his talent for drawing in his ninth year. I It is thus that the latent talents of the soul, as they expand under proper culture, and sometimes in defiance of it, acquire the gratification and delight after which they pant ; and it is not more difficult for the tree to return to the seed from whence it sprung, than for the person so endowed to cease to act. The soil which produces the vine, in its most healthy luxuriance, is not better adapted than the world we live in, to draw forth and mature the latent energies of the soul, and fill them with life and vigor. Is there aught in eloquence that warms the heart ? she draws her fire from natural imagery. Is there aught in poetry to enliven the imagination ? in natural imagery lies the secret of her power ; and he who possesses an expansive ideality, with faculties in combination to give scope to its sublimity, will throw the rays of his genius over the most apparently unseemly objects l'
It may be as well to remark here, that we are accused of having the head mapped out into too many and too minute portions. But, if the writings of the metaphysicians be consulted, it will be found that they enumerate quite as many. But we shall prove, as we proceed, that the phrenologists assign no more powers to the mind than experience demonstrates the absolute existence of: And if they assign to certain portions of the brain faculties, whose functions display various powers, it is because they are possessed of abundant facts to demonstrate what they assert.
We conclude this part of our lecture, by affirming that phrenology is a true science of mind ; that the brain, as 20

306	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

a whole, is the organ of the mind ; that the brain is dual ; and that there exist a congeries of organs.
We proceed now to show that the size of the brain, other conditions being equal, is an index of power. On dissecting the head of the late Baron Cnvier, the most remarkable feature was the great size of the brain.
I Semmering,' says M. Berard, ° computes the weight of the buman brain 'to be from two to three pounds. I arrived at the same conclusion, by taking two brains
the one from a woman, aged thirty, weighed, with its membranes, 21b. lloz. 2drs. ; the other from a man, aged forty, weighed 21b. 12oz. 6-~Idrs. The brain of Cuvier weighed 31b. l0oz. d1drs., being nearly a pound heavier than the weight of the others. But that which is most interesting to the phrenological investigator, is, upon comparing the weight of 'the cerebellum with that taken from the man just mentioned, a difference of one dram and a half only was found in favor of Cuvier : hence it followed, that the excess of weight in his brain was distributed almost entirely to the
seat of the intellectual faculties.'
The comparative estimate respecting the dimensions of the heads of the inhabitants in several counties in England is as follows :-The male head in England, at maturity, averages from 6' inches to 7s in diameter ; the medium and most general size being 7. The female head is smaller, varying from 61,1 -to 7 (or 71 the medium male size). Fixing the medium of the English head at 7, there can be no difficulty in distinguishing the portions of society above, .from those below, that measurement. In London, the majority of the higher classes are above the 'medium ; while among the lower it is very rare to find a large head. The Spitalfields weavers have extremely small heads, 639, 6.1, and 64 -being the prevailing admeasurement. In Coventry, .almost exclusively peopled by weavers, the same facts are peculiarly observed. Hertfordshire, Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk, contain a larger proportion of small heads than any part of

cerebral lobes, as the

the umpire. Seven inches in diameter is here, as in Spitalfields and Coventry, quite unusual-68 and 6~ are more general ; and 6~, the usual size of a boy of six years of age, is frequently to be met with here in the fall maturity of manhood. In Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, an increase of size of the usual average is observed, and the inland counties, in general, are nearly upon the same scale. In Devonshire and Cornwall the heads are of full size. Herefordshire is superior to the London averages. In Lancashire, Yorkshire, Cumberland, and Northumberland, there are more large heads in proportion than any part of the country. In Scotland, the full-sized head is known to be possessed by the inhabitants, their measurement ranging from between 7q to 78, and even to R inches, of which the author has seen many. From this it may be safely inferred that the size of brain is an index of power. This fact extends to individual organs and regions, as well as to the whole brain.
We will now show how the brain exercises its power, and through what medium, by a simple analogy :-If we blow through the mouth-piece of a flute, we produce a certain sound. Putting the pieces of the flute together, and placing the fingers on the holes, we produce a different sound ; raising now one finger, and then another, by different combinations of stopping we produce a complete harmony. This, however, is not the result of different air or wind, but of the same wind issuing through different channels. So the mind, acting upon different regions of brain, according to the power or quantity of brain in the region on which it operates, produces different results. Acting on the upper or eoronal surface of the head, it produces the religious and moral sentiments, as in the portrait of Oberlin. Acting on the posterior part of the head, it exhibits the power of the lower or animal propensities, as in the portrait of Pope Alexander vi. Acting on the fore-part of the head, it exhibits the power of the intellectual faculties, as in the portrait of Gall. Bat this is only a general view of the character of the

A PüEENOLOQIBT.

307

308 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

OBERLIN.

respective persons, from the predominance of brain in each region. Besides this, it moat be stated that every organ has a power' and functions peculiarly its own, subject, however, to the modifying influence of temperament. This modifying influence, and the power and functions of the respective organs, we shall illustrate as we proceed.
It now becomes necessary to say a few words on the discovery of the principles on which this science is based ; and in so doing, we will condense the account given by Dr. Gall himself, observing, however, by the way, that though be possessed eminent powers of reflection, he was

A PHRENOLOGIST. 309

but moderately endowed with the perception of form and size, and hence almost all his discoveries were from extreme eases. Spurzheim, on the contrary, who became

POPE ALEXANDER VI.

associated with him in 1804, in addition to excellent powers of reflection, had large form and size, a very large brain, and perhaps the keenest general perception of any phrenologist, either daring or since his time, and his discrimination of character was amazingly quick and accurate. To predicate character is not so easy a matter as many have imagined ; for though the situation of the organs on the head moat, on all occasions, be the same, still, as the size and formation of the head vary in almost every instance, of course the organs will be higher up or lower down than an unpractised person supposes. Then, again, the powers of the mind blend so closely with each other, and different shades of character, originating in

310	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

different portions of the brain arise, so that many errors are likely to arise by an ignorant or careless manipulator -the functions of the organ of Secretiveness are liable to be mistaken for those of Cautiousness; Combativeness for Destructiveness ; Adhesiveness for Benevolence ; and vice versa. But to return to the discovery of the science.' Here are portraits of Gall and Spurzheim-two noble heads, but still differently excellent :-

From an early age Gall was given to observation, and

' This account is condensed from the ' Edinburgh Phrenological Journal,' and the ' Journal de la'Société Phrenologiqne de Paris:

A PHRENOLOGIST. 311

was struck with the fact, that each of his brothers and sisters, companions in play, and school-fellows, possessed some peculiarity of talent or disposition, which distinguished him from others. Some of his school-mates were distinguished by the beauty of their penmanship, some by their success in arithmetic, and others by their talent

SPURZHEIM.

for acquiring a knowledge of natural history, or of languages. The compositions of one were remarkable for elegance, while the style of another was stiff and dry ; and a third connected his reasonings in the closest manner, and clothed his argument in the most forcible language.

312	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

Their dispositions were equally different, and this diversity appeared also to determine the direction of their partialities and aversions. Not a few of them manifested a capacity for employments which they were not taught ; they cut figures in wood, or delineated them on paper. Some devoted their leisure to painting, or the culture of a garden, while their comrades abandoned themselves to noisy games, or traversed the woods to gather flowers, seek for birds' nests, or catch butterflies. In this manner each individual presented a character peculiar to himself, and Gall never observed that the individual who had in one year displayed selfish or knavish dispositions, became in the next a good and faithful friend.
The scholars with whom young Gall bad the greatest difficulty of competing were those who learned by heart with great facility, and such individuals frequently gained from him, by their repetitions, the places which he had obtained by the merit of his original compositions. Some years afterwards, having changed his place of residence, he still met individuals endowed with an equally great talent of learning to repeat. He then observed that his school-fellows so gifted possessed prominent eyes, and he recollected that his rivals in the first school had been distinguished by the first peculiarity. When he entered the university, he directed his attention from the first to the students whose eyes were of this description, and he soon found that they all excelled in getting rapidly by heart, and giving correct recitations, although many of them were by no means distinguishéd in point of general talent. This observation was recognised also by the other students in the classes ; and although the connection between the talent and the external sign was not at this time established upon such complete evidence as is requisite for a philosophical conclusion, yet Dr. Gall could not believe that the coincidence of the two circumstances thus observed was entirely accidental. He suspected, therefore, from this period, that they stood in an important relation to each other. After much reflection he conceived, that if memory

A PHRENOLOGIST. 313

for words was indicated by an external sign, the same might be the case with the other intellectual powers, and from that moment all individuals distinguished by any remarkable faculty became the objects of his attention. By degrees, he conceived himself to have found external characteristics which indicated a talent for painting, music, and mechanical arts. He became acquainted, also, with some individuals remarkable for the determination of their character, and he observed a particular part of their beads to be very largely developed. This fact first suggested to him the idea of looking to the head for signs of the moral sentiments. But in making these observations he never conceived, for a moment, that the skull was the cause of the different talents, as has been erroneously represented-he referred the influence, whatever it was, to the brain.
In following out, by observation, the principle which accident had thus suggested, he for some time encountered difficulties of the greatest magnitude. Hitherto he had been altogether ignorant of the opinions of phyâiologists touching the brain, and of metaphysicians respecting the mental faculties, and had simply observed nature. When, however, he began to enlarge his knowledge of books, he found the most extraordinary conflict of opinions everywhere prevailing, and this, for the moment, made him hesitate about the correctness of his own observations. He found that the moral sentiments bad, by an almost general consent, been consigned to the thoracic and abdominal viscera ; and that, while Pythagora
Plato, Galen, Haller, and some other physiologists, place the sentient soul, or intellectual faculties, in the brain, Aristotle placed it in the heart, Van Helmont in the stomach, Des Cartes and his followers in the pineal gland, and Drelincourt and others in the cerebellum.
He observed, also, that a great number of philosophers and physiologists asserted, that all men are born with equal mental faculties, and that the differences observable among them are owing either to education, or to the acci-

314	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

dental circumstances in which they are placed. If all differences are accidental, he inferred that there could be no natural signs of predominating faculties, and consequently, that the project of learning by observation to distinguish the functions of the different portions of the brain must be hopeless. This difficulty he combated by the reflection, that his brothers, sisters, and school-fellows had all received very nearly the same education, but that he had still observed each of them unfolding a distinct character, over which circumstances appeared to exert only a limited control. He observed, also, that not unfrequently they whose education had been conducted with the greatest care, and on whom the labors of teachers had been most freely lavished, remained far behind their companions in attainments. I Often,' says Dr. Gall, ° we were accused of want of will, or deficiency in zeal ; but many of us could not, even with the most ardent desire, followed out by the most obstinate efforts, attain, in some pursuits, even to mediocrity ; while, in some other points, some of us surpassed our school-fellows without an effort, and almost, it might be said, without perceiving it ourselves. But, in point of fact, our masters did not appear to attach much faith to the system which taught the equality of the mental faculties, for they thought themselves entitled to exact more from one scholar, and less from another. They spoke frequently of natural gifts, or of the gifts of God, and consoled their pupils in the words of the gospel, by assuring them that each would be required to render an account only in proportion to the gifts which he had received.'
Being convinced by these facts, that there is a natural and constitutional diversity of talents and dispositions, he encountered in books still other obstacles to his success in determining the external signs of the mental powers. Ile found that, instead of faculties for languages, drawing, memory for places, music, and mechanical arts, corresx Preface, by Dr. Gall to the' Anatomie, etc., du Cerveau.'

A PHRENOLOGIST. 315

ponding to the different talents which he had observed in his school-fellows, the metapbysicians spoke only of general powers, such as perception, conception, memory, imagination, and judgment. And when he endeavored to discover external signs in the head, corresponding to these general faculties, or to determine the correctness of the physiological doctrines regarding the seat of the mind, as taught by the authors already mentioned, he found perplexities without end, and difficulties innumerable.
Dr. Gall, therefore, abandoning every theory and preconceived opinion, gave himself up entirely to the observation of nature. Being physician to a lunatic asylum in Vienna, he had opportunities, of which he availed himself, of making observations on the insane. He visited prisons, and resorted to schools ; be was introduced to the courts of princes, to colleges and the seats of justice, and wherever he heard of an individual distinguished in any particular way, either by remarkable endowment or deficiency, be observed and studied the development of his head. In this manner, by an almost imperceptible induction, he conceived himself warranted in believing that particular mental powers are indicated by particular configurations of the head.

Hitherto he had resorted only to physiognomical indications, as a means of discovering the functions of the brain. On reflection, however, he was convinced that physiology was imperfect when separated from anatomy Having observed a woman of fifty-four years of age, whc had been afflicted with hydrocephalus from her youth and, with a body a little shrunk, possessed as active ant as intelligent a mind as that of other individuals of hey class, Dr. Gall declared his conviction that the structure of the brain must be different from what was generall; conceived-a remark which Tulpius also made on ob serving a hydrocephalus patient, who manifested th~ mental faculties. He therefore felt the necessity c making anatomical researches into the structure of tb brain.

316	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

In every instance, when an individual whose head he had observed while alive happened to die, he used every means to be permitted to examine the brain, and frequently did so ; and he found, as a general fact, that on removal of the skull, the brain covered by the dura mater presented a form corresponding to that which the skull had exhibited in life.
The successive steps by which Dr. Gall proceeded in his discoveries, are particularly deserving of attention. He did not, as many have imagined, first dissect the brain, and pretend by that means to have discovered the seats of the mental powers. Neither did he, as others have conceived, first map out the skull into various compartments, and assign a faculty to each according as his imagination led him to conceive the place appropriate to the power. On the contrary, he first observed a concomitance between particular talents and dispositions, and particular forms of the head ; he neat ascertained, by removal of the skull, that the figure and size of the brain are indicated by these external forms ; and it was only after these facts were determined, and the brain was minutely dissected, that light was thrown upon its structure.
Although it is impossible to form a correct judgment of the particular character or disposition of a person from observing one organ, or one set of organs, yet a general idea may be formed by observing the contour of the whole head by attending to the following rules
1. A very small head is indicative of idiotcy, partial or general.
2. A small head, formed in good proportion, indicates capacity for discharging ordinary duties ; but incapacity for filling any commanding situation, from deficiency of power.
3. A narrow or oval head, elongated at the occipital region, will be found to indicate a warm, friendly, and affectionate disposition, as in the female. (See page 317.)
4. A narrow head, elevated at the coronal surface, is

A PHRENOLOGIST. 317

indicative of a moral and benevolent character. (See Oberlin, page 308.)

5. A head, round and narrow, is indicative of a quarrelsome and irascible disposition. (See Caracalla, p. 318.)
6. A head well developed in the forehead, is indicative of an intellectual character. (See Daniel Webster, p. 319.)
7. A large head, developed in all its parts, is indicative of a mind of the highest order of genius. (See Napoleon, p. 320.)
We have replied to the principal objections urged against the science of phrenology by ministers of the gospel, but there is an objection urged by anatomists (which we have in part anticipated,) which is to the following effect, namely : I That there is no cognizable division of the brain into separate portions, corresponding to the so-called organs of phrenologists.' To this we reply, such a division is by no means necessary for the establishment of the truth of the science. It is quite possible that the blood, in passing through the different

318	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

parts of the brain, may in one part excite, stimulate, or produce the faculty of Secretiveness, while in another it may excite, stimulate, or produce that of Conscientious-

CA&&ACALLA.

Bess, while the brain may still appear homogeneous in structure, and apparently composed of one mass. This is no more than occurs in other parts of the body. The nerves of motion and sensation are enclosed in one common sheatb, and there is no line of demarcation to mark where the one terminates and the other begins ; and there is, besides, no perceptible difference in their structures, yet their functions are as widely different as the two faculties of Secretiveness and Conscientiousness just above named. Anatomists cannot discover the functions of the brain, nor are they capable of discovering the function of any organ. It is a general law of nature that each function must have a separate organ. This proves that the brain cannot be a single organ, but a congeries of

A PHRENOLOGIST. 319

organs. In accordance with this law, Dr. Spurzheim, long before the discovery was made, armed that there must be separate nerves for motion and sensation. Sir

DANIEL WEBSTER.

Charles Bell has demonstrated this to be the case, and
by this has added another illustration to the law, that
every function must have its own organ. The analogy
of the other parts of the body, therefore, are in favor
of the pbrenological doctrine, that the brain, although

320	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

apparently one homogeneous mass, is in reality a congeries of distinct organs, manifesting distinct and separate functions.



NAPOLEON.

We have already stated that size, other conditions being equal, is an index of power, This is one of the fundamental doctrines of phrenology ; and as several objections have been brought against it, we are anxious to establish its truth. In their objections, the qualification, cceteria paribus-that is, other things being equal -has been entirely overlooked by our opponents. It is armed that the largest or heaviest man is not always the strongest ; but this arises from the difference of temperament or constitution, which we shall illustrate presently. A man may be large and bulky, but there;

A PHRENOLOGIST. 321

may be more water and fat about him than muscular fibre. But of two men, of the same temperament, and equal in every other condition, the one who has got the larger muscles will be proportionally stronger than the other. This is saying nothing mare than the established mathematical axiom, that the whale is greater than n part. The maniac often exerts more strength than another man of equal temperament and size of muscle, but the conditions are not equal. The nervous influence sent to the muscles in the time of furious madness, far exceeds what is sent to the muscles at other times, and this accounts for the greater degree of power manifested.
The principle that size. is a measure of power, pervades the whole of stature, inorganic as well as organic. The bar of iron two inches square, is stronger than that which is but one inch square. The function of the liver is to secrete bile ; the larger the liver is, the more bile will it secrete. A liver eight inches square will secrete more bile than one four inches square. The more capacious the lungs are, the better will they perform their function of aerating the blood. The left ventricle of the heart is much thicker and stronger than the right ventricle ; for this reason, that the former has to send the blood through the whole of the body, from the very top of the head to the sole of the foot, while the latter has merely to propel the blood to the longs.
	In some structures of the body, the nerves of motion
preponderate over these of sensation ; while, in others,
the nerves of sensation are much larger than those of
motion, and the manifestations are invariably in accord
ance. Again, those parts of the body which are possessed
of little sensation, are feebly supplied with the correspond
ing nerves, while in every sensitive part, such as the
hand; the nerves of sensation are very largo. The whole
sum of sensitive nerves which go to the liver (an organ
possessed of little feeling), is no greater than those sent to
the thumb, which is not the fiftieth part of the size of the
liver. The analogy holds equally .good, if we descend to

322	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

the inferior animals. The mole has the olfactory nerves very largely developed, while the optic nerves are very feebly so : and this is strictly in accordance with its known character. In the eagle, however, the case is reversed, the optic nerve being very large, and the olfactory very small. The extreme power of vision possessed by the eagle is known to every one. The same holds good with regard to the auditory nerve ; and from all these cases it is reasonable to infer, that the brain forms no exception to what appears to be the universal law of creation.
But there are circumstances which modify the effects of size. - These depend upon the constitution, or upon what physiologists denominate the temperament.
Phrenologists are agreed that there are four pure temperaments, which point out the quality of the brain, or degrees of mental activity, viz. :-1. Lymphatic ; 2. Sanguine ; 3. Bilious ; 4. Nervous.
1. The lymphatic constitution, or phlegmatic temperament, is indicated by a pale white skin, fair hair, roundness of form, and repletion of the cellular tissue. The flesh is soft, the vital actions are languid, the pulse is feeble ; all indicates slowness and weakness in the vegetative, affective, and intellectual functions.
2. The sanguine temperament is proclaimed by a tolerable consistency of flesh, moderate plumpness of parts, light or chestnut hair, blue eyes, great activity of the arterial system, a strong, fall, and frequent pulse, and an animated countenance. Persons thus constituted are easily affected by external impressions, and possess greater energy than those of the former temperament.
3. The bilious temperament is characterised by black hair, a dark, yellowish, or brown skin, black eyes, moderately full but firm muscles, and harshly expressed forms. Those endowed with this constitution have a strongly marked and decided expression of countenance ; they manifest great general activity and functional energy.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 323

4. The external signs of the nervous temperament are; fine thin hair, delicate health, general emaciation, smallBiesa of the muscles, rapidity in the muscular actions, vivacity in the sensations. The nervous system of individuals so constituted, preponderates extremely, and they exhibit great sensibility.
Those four temperaments are seldom to be observed pure and unmixed ; it is even difficult to meet them without modifications. They are mostly found conjoined, and occur as lymphatic-sanguine, lymphatic-bilious, sanguine-lymphatic, sanguine-bilious, sanguine-nervous, bilious-lymphatic, bilious-sangaine, bilious-nervous, etc. The individual temperaments which predominate may be determined ; but it is difficult to point out every modification.
Besides the temperaments, there is a disturbing element in the estimation of character, which may be termed antagonistic, or the action of those faculties whose fanctions are in some measure opposed to each other.
Every faculty in the human mind acts in accordance with its specific functions, and its actions are regulated and limited only by the counteraction of other opposing faculties. Thus, Acquisitiveness simply gives the tendency to acquire ; and, were it the only active organ in any person's brain, he would incessantly draw and grasp all objects indiscriminately to himself, without any restriction or limitation whatever, having no regard in his accumulations to his own use or convenience, or to the rights of others.

In like manner, were Destructiveness the only active organ, the individual would be nothing else than a mischievous machine ; and so on with all the other faculties, whatever be their nature or functions. But when two, or three, or more organs are active, the action of each, although still moving in its own specific direction, is in some degree modified and restrained. Acquisitiveness, when combined with Conscientiousness, is not the less active in its tendency to acquire, bat its sphere of action

324	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

is limited, and a boundary is drawn. Conscientiousness says, I Thou shalt not steal,' or, ' Thou shalt not covet,' and Acquisitiveness is made to obey either command ; and the result is, that the individual will be just and honest, although
' He'll gather gear by every wile
That's justified by honor.'

Still he will be just and honest, and, if he possess welldeveloped Love of Approbation and Benevolence, he will expend his acquisitions as well for the public good as for his own. Individuals exemplifying the action of what may be termed antagonistic organs, are frequently to be met with. I know an elderly lady in whom Acquisitiveness and Benevolence are both very energetic, and, were it not for the former of these organs, the latter would certainly become irregular in its action. But constituted as she is, she is rather penurious in laying out her money. Yet she is kind, and has a strong inclination to relieve the wants of the needy ; but, instead of taking the money out of her own pocket, she almost always solicits the contributions of others, more wealthy than herself, to effect her benevolent purposes.
I am also acquainted with a mercantile gentleman in this city (Glasgow) whose actions betray powerful Acquisitiveness, Conscientiousness, and Love of Approbation ; and, to a person who has acquired a knowledge of the principles of phrenology, it is extremely interesting to observe the uniformity with wbich his conduct harmonises with his development. On paying an account, for instance ..-these three organs being called into play-he very generally uses words to this effect : I Now, Mr. ---, you must, with your usual liberality, allow me off this odd sum of vine shillings ; for really, at the present time, I require to buy as cheap as possible : however, if yon say that the goods are as cheap as you really can afford to sell them, I will pay yon in fall, for I would not wish you to lose by the transaction. Let every man have his due
that's my motto.'

A PHRENOLOGIST. 325

The preceding shows the action of organs partly antagonistic ; but there are two organs whose functions are, we may say, almost completely opposed to each other, which we will now turn to the consideration of. We refer to the organs of Inhabitiveness and Locality. The former gives a love of home, and a desire for permanent residence. The latter, on the contrary, gives a disposition to travel, and to be continually moving from place to place. When they are equally developed, each, of course, pulls with equal force in its own particular direction. But then the question arises, whether will the individual travel or remain at home ? This must be settled by circumstances, and by the vote, as it were, of other faculties. If the faculties which would be gratified by his travelling preponderate over those which would prefer a permanent abode, thçn (circumstances allowable) he will travel. In thus gratifying Locality, however, his attachment to home will not be annihilated or remain quiescent. On the contrary, it will often annoy him in his rambles. The happiness he would experience in freely roving from place to place will be checked, or, at least, very much alloyed, by the constant desire of returning to his native land, and his heart language would be,

Wbere'er I roam, whatever realms to see,
My heart, untravelfd, fondly turns to thee.'

He therefore will not be entirely happy, and the probability is, he will be affected by nostalgia. He will enter into the spirit of the song, I Home, sweet home !' and it will be with the warmest emotions he will return to his own country. His pleasure here, however, will often be dashed with sadness ; he will like to be roaming again, or, perhaps, compensate the gratification of his propensity by reading lives of eminent travellers, descriptions of foreign countries, voyages, etc. If we suppose the individual with large Inhabitiveuess and Locality to be a denizen of our city, and so circumstanced as entirely to preclude him from travelling, or going far from home,

326	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY of

we shall find that he will relish very much to walk into the country on a summer morning, and be will, in all probability, gratify himself in this way very frequently. He will visit, and become acquainted with, all the interesting spots round the city. He will be constantly in search of new tours. In the library, he will be found to ask most frequently for such books as give descriptions of countries, buildings, etc. It will from hence de seen that a man's conduct is frequently influenced by the action of what may be termed antagonistic forces or faculties. Each faculty, in proportion to its power, demands gratification, although the mode in which it will be-gratified depends upon, or is determined by, the other powers of the mind.
The character of the human mind is either elevated and intellectual, as the brain is fully developed in the fore and upper parts of the head ; or it is low, animal, and sensual, as the brain is more fully developed behind the ear, and at the back part of the head. (See the quotation from Swedenborg.)
The brain may be divided into three great regionshighest, middle, and posterior. From the highest of these compartments, a man may be said to regard God, because in this resides the moral and religious sentiments. From the second of these divisions, a man may be said to regard the world and his neighbor, because in this the intellectual faculties have their seat. From the posterior, or lowest of these divisions, a man regards himself, because in this the animal propensities are located. As the various organs which are now considered established were discovered at different times, one organ being on the' orbitar process of the frontal bone (Language), another just above the occipital bone (Philoprogenitiveness), a third at the posterior part of the vertex of the head (Self-esteem), now that the head presents to our view a pretty fully mapped delineation of the various powers of the human mind, we propose to conclude this lecture, by showing that this is in itself an argument in

A PHRENOLOGIST. 327

favor of the truth of the science. As already observed, Dr. Gall did not map out the skull into compartments, and arbitrarily assign a position to each faculty. We observe, by referring to the bust, that the posterior or animal region is occupied by propensities (No. 1 to 9) ; the sincipital region, by sentiments (10 to 21) ; and the anterior region, by intellectual faculties (22 to 35). We do not find an intellectual faculty in the animal region, nor an animal propensity in the moral and religious region. Again, we see each organ associated with others best adapted, so to speak, to minister to the aid of the group of which it appears to be a necessary member. Thus, Causality (35) is the support of Comparison (34) ; Time (32), of Tune (31) ; Number (2$), of Order (29) ; ,and so of the rest. Every organ in each division of the brain seems to be confined to its own particular class, and each class, or division, appears to be under the direction of a superintendent. Self-esteem watches over the propensities, Veneration over the religious sentiments, Comparison and Causality over the intellectual faculties, and Conscientiousness over the whole. In consequence of this, the mind is capable of being raised, and of raising itself upwards, and it can look towards the Great Supreme and his kingdom of heaven. It is capable of being diffused, and of diffusing itself, laterally in every direction, and can thus look around into this world and its nature, and can render itself useful to every class.of the community. And it is capable of degrading and sinking itself downwards, seeking merely animal gratifications, and thus becoming associated with sensuality. And here we may with propriety again ask, what can be a more satisfactory and even beautiful exemplification of what we have just stated, than the arrangement of the organs on the phrenological bust, constituting, so far as discovery has proceeded, a complete map of the mind ? Veneration (14), which disposes to the reverential worship of the Great Supreme. Conscientiousness (16), which imposes integrity, uprightness, and love of truth, by which alone the moral and

328	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

religious duties can be faithfully exhibited before the world. On each side of Veneration, the organ of Hope (17) developes itself-proper situation for so exhilarating a faculty ; it seems to depend upon Conscientiousness and Veneration for its blissful anticipations. The object of its reverence it one day hopes to behold, having an ambition for living in a world which

'Honor, fame, and all this world calls great, Can never satisfy.'

The certainty of a future state of being, which Hope, aided by Veneration, gives to the Christian phrenologist, enables him with fortitude to bear ' the thousand ills to which the flesh is heir.' Below Veneration is Benevolence (13), that godlike virtue, which can, even by sympathy, soothe and mitigate" the bitterest sufferings, but which, by its active charity, shows its close connection with Veneration, by the love of the brethren derived from the love of God. Thus, the proper situation of Benevolence or Charity is below Veneration. Below Hope, on either side of Benevolence, with Imitation (21) between the two, is situated Wonder or Marvellousness, or, as some have termed it, Inductive Faith (18). Now, can Faith be better associated than in conjunction with Charity or Benevolence, with Hope raised upward, Imitation between Benevolence and Faith, and Conscientiousness overlooking the whole ? Behold ! here the religious group of faculties becomes established ; a group which all but the sceptic will acknowledge to be of the highest consequence, and occupying the supreme'region of the head.
The second group of organs, those by which a man is led to regard his neighbor, and do his duty in the world, are a numerous family, but they are as necessary as they are numerous. It is quite impossible to observe with accuracy, unless the faculty of Individuality (22) is fully developed ; and as this faculty, is the source of minute observation, it is conspicuously placed in the centre between the eyes, at the upper part of the nose.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 329

I Everything we love and everything we hate, everything we desire and everything we fear, is an individual. It is by individuality, therefore, and by what is presented to the mind from individuality, that all our feelings are excited and brought into activity, and therefore Gall had no little reason to term it the organ of Educability. (' Phren. Journal,' vol. v. p. 249.) A little below Individuality are the organs of Form (23) and Size (24), bath exceedingly necessary to accurate delineation: Weight (25), Color (26), Order (29), and Number (28), belong to the group denominated knowing or perceptive faculties, forming a division of the Intellectual group. And here again we are struck with the beauty of the position. The knowing, or as they may be termed, the scientific organs, take cognizance of two classes of objects-existences and events-or of things as they now are, and things as they may hereafter be. For example, make a solution of carbonate of soda. This is an existence. Again, make a solution of tartaric acid. This is also an existence, though of a different body. Pour the two solutions together, and a violent effervescence takes place. This is an event. Thus, there is existence and event, perception and -remembrance. To perceive and remember existences, the perceptive faculties are necessary; and to perceive and remember events, Eventuality (30), Locality (27), and Time (31), are necessary. Still, however, we are enabled to pereeive that every individual does not possess these faculties with the same energy. Form and Size may be freely developed, while Coloring may be imperfectly so ; and thus a man may be an expert draughtsman, but be unable with aecuracy to discriminate tints and shades in color. To keep these organs under proper control, to regulate their various functions, another division of this group is called into exercise, at the upper part of the forehead, namely, Comparison (34), Causality (35), and Wit (20), or Discrimination. Here we may close our notice of the second class, with the assumption that they are

330	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

eminently useful, and their position shows how intimately they are connected with that group which enables us to do our duty in the world and to our neighbor. But there is yet another group which we must briefly notice, and which leads the man chiefly to consider himself. And here we may observe, that there are no bad faculties, as some opponents of phrenology have termed the lower propensities. No faculty in itself, is hurtful or useless, and still less criminal ; but if we regard only ourselves, and take for our motto the detestable apothegm, ' Every man has a right to do the best he can for himself'-(every man has not a right to do the best for himself, if that right interferes with the right of his neighbor)-then these organs, or rather the abuse of them, are the sources of most of the evils which afflict mankind. But our present purpose is to show that they are all useful, or the Divine Being would not have bestowed them upon us.
The feelings of regard which are necessary to link together so large a family as that which constitutes the human species, must be exceedingly fervent ; and though the feelings may differ in intensity, according to the difference of sex and constitution, still the effects will be manifested in those portions of the brain where the affective faculties have been proved to exist. Philosopbers have long divided the mind into will and understanding. We see no reason to question this. We have hitherto treated of those faculties which relate to the understanding, as well as to those feelings which belong to what may be termed the higher affections of the mind. We now come to treat upon the lower feelings existing in the will. The cerebellum, or little brain, is the situation of the strongest and the most absorbing of the affections. The Supreme himself has armed, that ' it is not good for a man to be alone.' The Amative (1) propensity disposes to the peculiar affection existing between the sexes. Above this organ is Philoprogenitiveness (2), which is cognizant of the affection subsisting

A PHRENOLOGIST. 331

between parents and children, and affords those pleasurable sensations which parents in general, but the mother in particular, feel the full force of. Above this is the organ of Inhabitiveness (3), which induces a love of home and country. The home rendered happy by connubial affections and the recreations of Philoprogenitiveness, is the chief solace of man's sublunary existence. On each side of Philoprogenitiveness is Combativeness (5), and on each side of Inhabitiveness is Adhesiveness (4). Again, the harmony of the locality, in the association of home and friendship, strikes us as remarkable. And when we have children, whose defenceless state not only requires care and watchfulness, but frequently the protecting power of resolute courage, the locality of Philoprogenitiveness and Combativeness is equally remarkable. In a state of celibacy, the female is retiring and unassuming ; but no sooner does she become a mother, than a new feeling seems to put forth its power and take possession of her. She guards her young charge with the most tender and unwearied solicitude. Her weakness seems ail lost in the infant, and physical power becomes associated with parental love, so that, if any attack were made upon her infant charge, though the aggressor might be possessed of herculean strength, she would resist even to the death. It is Combativeness which enables the otherwise timid female to stand up in defence of the object of her love-preventing the tyrannical, so far as her energy can reach, from smiting with the fist of wickedness. The superintending power of this group is Self-Esteem (10), supported on each side by Love of Approbation (11) and Cautiousness (12). Cautiousness again appears to superintend Secretiveness (7), Acquisitiveness (8), and Destructiveness (6), which are all beneath it. This closes the group of the inferior propensities. Self-Esteem seems indispensable in the government of this group; he who loses selfrespect has nothing to interpose in the regulation of his appetites. The Love of Approbation is well associated

332	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

with Self-Esteem. It operates as a check against arrogance, pride, and selfishness, while it at the same time tends to prevent Acquisitiveness from becoming mercenary, and Secretiveness from becoming evasive. In the acquisition of wealth, for the double purpose of obtaining our subsistence now, and providing for it when old age impairs both our physical and mental energies, Acquisitive-,, ness becomes eminently useful. Cautiousness shows its proper application, Secretiveness imposes discriminative prudence, and teaches us the proper regulation of .our Acquisitiveness, and thus there is a check and a balance throughout the whole system. Even Destructiveness itself cannot be dispensed with. The path to excellence is beset with diffculty and danger, and requires the physical energy which this organ imparts, to rise superior to and overcome it.
Phrenology being thus illustrated-the three regions of the bead thus exhibiting different powers-we may now affirm. that our proposition has been established, that all the faculties are useful, and the position of the organs a proof of the truth of the science. It is education which must direct the whole organisation. It is education which must train the noble powers with which God has endowed us : the mode of education we shall refer to as we proceed.
We must now conclude this introduction to oar subject, and we do so by exhorting the student to commence and persevere, and observe for himself-and let him begin with himself-let him not be deterred by the fear of ridicule. Let him take the advice of the writer, who has for thirtyone years, at much loss, and under much censure, pursued his investigations-in a great measure trained himself by its principles, and also trained and educated his family successfully, seeking for them those employments which beat suited their organisation. In his surviving family, he can enumerate a skilful physician, an excellent practical engineer, a good chemist, and a clever musician. Per: Naps the reader may not have had the advantage of a

A PHRENOLOGIST 333

phrenological parent ; let him then commence the study and education of himself. In a ° Tour by a Lady through the Upper Provinces of Hindostan,' is the following anecdote : ' The Hindoos never, if they can avoid it, forsake the trade of their fathers, and are tenacious even in improving it. I once asked a baker to make muffins, and offered to translate a receipt I had for them into Hindostanee, promising him, at the same time, a recommendation to all my acquaintance, which was large, being at the principal military station. He listened very attentively till I had finished my speech, when, closing his hands in a supplicating posture, he said, 1° Pardon me, lady, bat my father never made them, my grand. father never made them, and how can I presume to do it ? My grandfather brought up sixteen children, my father fourteen, without baking mufkeens, and why should not I ? "' The reader will not, surely, imitate this Hindoo, but having become his own master, remember that it is left to himself to complete his own education :-° For the formation of his character, while under the control of others, he is by no means accountable, but when he is freed from all restraint, deep responsibility is entailed upon him. He has taken the guidance of a human being, and he is not the less accountable that this Wing is himself. The ligament is now cut asunder by which his mind was bound to its earthly guardian, and he is placed on his own power, exposed alike to the bleak winds of persecution, and to the gentle breezes of perseverance, fully accountable for his conduct to both God and man. Let him not be made dizzy from a sense of his own liberty, nor faint under the weight of his own responsibility ; but let him remember, that while the eye of his Father is upon him, his words are, ' Occupy till I come.' Let him find out the extent of his own powers, and seek to direct them into their proper channels'; and to assist him in this important work, let him take phrenology to his aid-there is no science better adapted to make him acquainted with himself. He may by this science be brought to see, that this

334	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

natural world is one vast mine of wisdom, and this world he may discover a miniature existence of within; in observing which he will become soundly philosophical, and in loving which he will become rationally religious.

I had a very numerous and a highly respectable audience to my first course of lectures. The first, which I have now inserted, and which, with slight modifications, I have continued to use till this day, gave universal satisfaction, and my room was crowded. I should, however, observe, that in Scotland all introductory lectures are gratuitous, so that an audience is thus secured, and an opportunity afforded for the hearers to judge of the capability of the lecturer. It is also the custom in Scotland to lecture on science, and even in times of contested elections on politics, in churches. Although a well-known Swedenborgian, I have several times been granted the use of large churches to lecture in, and some of my most intimate friendships have been formed with clergymen of widely different religious views to myself. In truth, the Swedenborgians are rather an exclusive class of people ; to use a Scottish phrase, they are peculiarly clannish ; they associate with but one class of persons, and read in general but one set of books ; they canton out to themselves a little Goshen in the intellectual world, where light shines and day blesses them, but they seem careless of cordially mixing with the great body of scientific and philosophic minds, although they are quite aware that all science is vain and sometimes mischievous unless religion sanctifies. I never missed an opportunity of mingling freely with all classes, and I can truly say that from the humblest I have learned something. I was anxious to see life in all its phases, more particularly with the view of observing the configuration of the head, and of ascertaining how far the general character barmonised therewith. I lectured to popular institutions gratuitously, and found among the operatives men of enlarged and liberal minds,

A PHRENOLOGIST 335

and very many among them of highly cultivated intellect. There was scarcely an institution within a circle of forty miles round Glasgow to the members of which I had not lectured, and received handsome testimonials from, so that my name soon became known as an earnest and persevering lecturer on mental science.
About the year 1838 I had a most extensive correspondence all over the country on matters pertaining to the science of mind ; and I now began to notice the peculiarities of the different styles of writing. It occurred to me that there might be some truth in the supposition that the handwriting gave an inkling of the mind of the writer. I had somewhere read that men of genius wrote in a very obscure and eccentric character, and of these I had seen autographs of Scott, Byron, Jeffery, and Chalmers. The writing of Dr. Chalmers was described as if traced with the feather end of a pen, and was a most unmeaning scrawl. Of Brougham's handwriting I possess several specimens-it is hasty, but bold. Washington was described as writing a fair, even, straightforward line, every letter legible and distinct. Napoleon the Great wrote a most detestable scrawl. Canning's penmanship had a chaste and classical appearance. Washington Irving is described as writing a perfect lawyer's hand. Lord Jeffery wrote as if with a stick dipped in ink ; of his sentences scarcely a word was intelligible. Jeremy Bentham's hand was nearly as bad as Jeffery's, and the handwriting of the late Sir Harcourt Lees was compared to the leg of a spider dipped in ink, and dancing on a wall.
Many years since, but I cannot recall the precise date, there was an article in ° Chamberss Journal' on Autography, in which the author classified the different styles of writing, and which, to the best of my recollection, were as follows :-
1. Vigorous, light-haired, excitable temperament, what is commonly called the Sanguine. The handwriting large, flowing, open, and irregular.

336	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

2. Dark-haired, excitable temperament, with brown florid complexion. The handwriting small, equal, and rather free and easy, with a firm and full stroke.
3. Light-haired, little excitable temperament, the complexion brown or sallow, the form spare. The writing less free and more methodical than No. i, but less vigorous and less decided than No. 2.
4. Dark-haired, slowly excitable temperament, dark complexion, spare form, and melancholic habit. Small, cramped, upright writing,withont ease or freedom, evidently slowly formed.
6. Feeble, light-haired, little excitable temperament, character timid and nervous. The writing small, unequal, or feebly traced, not written with decision.
6. Mixed temperament, combining two or more of the above.

I began to preserve my letters, and at the same time prepared a book which I carried with me, and into which I got my friends to favor me with their autographs.
But I made no progress in deciphering the character of people by their writing, though I continued to collect autographs. But a new impulse took hold of me. My deafness, though it did not appear to increase, still kept me for long periods in a state of comparative solitude, and threw me on my own resources for amusement. My position as a Dissenting minister required close study, but I did not write my sermons. I had a good library, still I had perused most of the books therein more than once or twice. But it occurred to ale that I would now begin to re-read my books with the view of studying their authors' peculiarities and especial talents. I thought a minute describer would be a man with large Individuality and Locality-the former
because of the number of small incidents be would crowd into his descriptions, and the latter that be might place them in such positions as to tell with most effect in his
narratives.	I concluded that those authors whose

A PHRENOLOGIST. 337

descriptions abounded with embellishments, and were highly bolored, would have an enlarged ideality ; that if these were descriptions humorous and witty, the writer would possess freely developed organs of Imitation, Wit, and Secretiveness ; in short, I imagined that every author would delineate his own intellectual and moral character in his works, since he could hardly describe and illustrate efficiently the functions of justice and integrity without having a free development of Conscientiousness himself ; or exhibit a glowing fancy in his work without a good deal of Ideality and Marvellousness ; or give effect to the powers of morality, and virtue, and religion, unless he united in his own Organisation the faculties ar sentiments of Benevolence, Veneration, Hope, Marvellousness, and Ideality. To commence this study, my old books would become to me as new ones. I should now have real portraits before me of the authors of every book I read, though no trace of resemblance might be communicated to me by an engraved portrait.
No sooner bad the idea presented itself to my mind

than I entered upon it, and I abandoned my autographic studies that I might the more completely pursue this new branch of phrenological investigation. To assist me in this work I made an index of every book I read as I proceeded, and I resolved I would read no book without attempting an analysis of the author's Organisation. I

pursued this plan for some time, but I kept my observations to myself. I occasionally reviewed a book for a publisher, and concerned myself principally with the author's talents from what I conceived to be his organisa-

tion, and		I felt satisfied, from experience, that my con
jeetures were really founded in fact ; that such as was the
organisation of a man, such was his book. At length
I thought I would test my system by drawing the
character		of some public man, of whom I knew nothing
otherwise		than through his published works-an author of
whom there should be no engraved portrait in existence.
I bad been much interested. in the works of Mr. John
	22

396	THE AUTOHIOOEAPHY OF

'At Paris, the Prince of Schwartzenberg, then minister of Austria, wished to put M. Spurzheim and myself to the test. At the moment when we arose from table, be led me into a neighboring apartment, and introduced to me a young man without saying a single word. I went to rejoin the company with the prince, and begged M. Spurzheim to examine the young man during his absence. I told the company what I thought of him. Spurzheim had hardly seen the individual, when he came to join us in the parlor, and likewise declared that he thought him a great mechanician, or a great artist in some similar department. In fact, the prince had induced him to come to Paris on account of his great talents for mechanics, and furnished him with the means to prosecute his studies there.
' At Vienna, and in the whole eourse of our travels, we found, among all the mechanicians, architects, draughtsmen, and Sculptors, this organ developed in proportion to their talent.'
When Dr. Spurzheim was in Edinburgh in 1817, he visited the workshop of Mr. James Mylue, brassfounder, and examined the heads of the workmen and apprentices.
I On the first boy presented to Dr. Spurzheim, on his entering the shop, he observed he would excel in anything he was put to. In this he was perfectly correct, as he was one of the cleverest boys I ever had. On proceeding further, Dr. Spurzheim observed of another boy that he would make a good workman. In this instance, also, the observation was well founded. An elder brother was working near him, whom he also said would turn out a good workman, but not equal to the other. I mentioned, said Mr. Mylne, that in point of fact the former was the best, but both were good. In the coarse of further observations, Dr. Spurzheim remarked of others that they ought to be ordinary tradesmen, and they were so. At last he pointed out one, who, be said ought to be of a different cast, and of whom I should never be able to make anything as a workman, and this turned out to be too correct. For

A PHRENOLOGIST. 397

though )he had served seven years' apprenticeship, he was not able to do one-third of the work of other individuals. So much was I struck, observed Mr. Mylne, with Dr. Spurzheim's observations, and so correct have I found the indication presented by the organisation to be, that when workmen, or boys to serve as apprentices, apply to me, I at once give the preference to those possessing a large Constructiveness ; and if the deficiency be very great, I should be disposed to decline receiving them, convinced of their inability to succeed.'
The constructive faculty in the bee is singularly happy -in the formation of their cells, they are the most complete geometricians. Scarcely could a hexagon be more perfectly drawn by a skilful mathematician, than is presented in the cells of these insects. But this is not all ; it was said by Pappus, an ancient geometrician, that of all other figures, hexagons were the most convenient, for, when placed touching each other, the most convenient room would be given, and the smallest lost ; so the instinct of the bee has determined. The cells of the bees are perfect hexagons. These in every honeycomb are double, opening on either side, and closed at the bottom. The bottoms are composed of little triangular panes; which, when united together, terminate in a point, and lie exactly upon the extremities of other panes of the same shape in other cells. These lodgings have spaces like streets between them, sufficiently large to let the bees go in and out, but yet narrow enough to preserve the heat of the united hexagons. What the bee is among insects, the beaver appears to be among quadrupeds ; and the faculty of Constructiveness seems in them to approach as near to the same faculty in man, as is seen in human erections.
We shall notice some important particulars connected with this organ, when we come to treat of the organs of Form, Size, and Weight in combination. The organ of Constructiveness is fully established.

I now found the benefit of my medical studies, and

590	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

acquainted with Fichte; and found a development in that region still larger than in Kant. Innumerable additional observations satisfied them of the' functions of this organ. Dr. Gall named it .Esprit ffetaphysique,' but Dr: Spurzheim calls it Causality. I The ancient artists,' says Dr. Spurzheim, ° have given to Jupiter a head more prominent than any other of the antique beads; and hence it would appear that they. had observed. that the development of the forehead has a relation to a great understanding.'
Mr. Combe gives some highly interesting illustrations of this faculty. ° A gentleman in a boat,' says he; I was unexpectedly asked to steer. He took hold of the helm, hesitated a moment what to do, and then steered with just effect. Being asked why he hesitated, he replied-" I was unacquainted with steering, and required to think how the helm acts." He was requested to explain how thinking led him to the point, and replied that he knew, from study, the theory of the helm's action ; that he just run over in his mind the water's action upon it, and its action on the boat, and then he saw the whole plainly before him. He had a large Causality, and not much Individuality. A person with a great Individuality and little Causality, placed in a similar situation, would have tried the experiment of the helm's action to come to -a knowledge of the mode of steering. He would have turned it to the right hand and to the left, and observed the effect, then acted accordingly ; and he might have steered his whole life thereafter, without knowing any more of the matter.' In those persons in whom Causality is large, there is a constant endeavor to trace up things to their proper source. They will not believe the effect, unless to a certain degree they are acquainted with the caase, We should certainly hold the apostle Paul to be an illustration of this faculty, from the circumstance of his using the, precept-' Prove all things; , hold fast that which is good.' So, too, the apostle Peter must have recognised,

A PHRENOLOGIST. 591

its power, when he exhorted his converts to be always ready to give a reason of the hope that is in them, with meekness and fear.
In all great and original thinkers, this faculty is largely developed. In the portraits of Bacon and. Locke it is eminently conspicuous, and in the bust of Gall it is strikingly large. When the organ is small, the mind is apt to be superfioial, and the individual experiences great difficulty in reasoning after a logical manner. Such persons as these will find very great diffculty in receiving the truth of phrenology, because the power of evidence will make but small impression on their minds. This is also one reason why persons who have large Self-esteem will not admit the evidence of phrenology. They, generally speaking, have too high an opinion of their own discernment, to listen to the evidence of others. Thus, then, if Self-esteem be large, and the reflecting faculties small, it will be almost hopeless to convince such an individual.
The organ of Causality, situated as it is on each side of Comparison, seems to act by necessary correspdndency. It does not place implicit faith in analogies, and thus acts, as a necessary check on the rapid, often plausible, but sometimes erroneous conclusions of Comparison. In searching out causes, it, of necessity, infers a great First Cause. The faculty of Individuality makes us acquainted with objects ; that of Eventuality with facts ; that of Comparison points out their analogy or difference ; and the faculty of Causality desires to know the causes of occurrences. Where all these faculties are fully developed,, the truly philosophic understanding is formed.

CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ON THE ART OF PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGY.

Accurate knowledge in regard to the different regions of the brain gives facility in finding the locality of the different organs. There are several bony prominences on the skull, which do not indicate developments of the

592	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

brain : these are the mastoid prominences behind the ear., ; the crucial spine of the oceipat, or bony projection situate below Philoprogenitiveness ; the zygomatie process, extending from the cheek-bones to the temples ; and the ridge in the middle of the ooronal surface of the skull, occasioned bythe longitudinal sinus. The individual organs extend from the medulla oblougata, or top of the spinal marrow, to the surface of the cerebrum or cerebellum. The line, or axis, passing through the head from one ear to the other, connecting together the two meatua auditorif, or openings of the ear, would nearly touch the medulla oblongata, and hence is assumed as a convenient point from which to estimate length. The distance from the centre of the line to the peripheral surface of the brain, treasures the length of the organ there situated. A line, for instance, drawn from that point to that part of the surface of the brain where the organ of Comparison is situated, .measures the length of that organ. But the size of an organ depends upon its breadth, as well as its length ; the breadth is estimated by its peripheral expansion at the surface. Each organ has some resemblance to an inverted cone, having its apex at the centre of the axis, and its base at the surface of the brain. As a general rule, the size of the organ indicates its power. The same general law, that, under like conditions, proportions the strength of a body to its size, and is everywhere found coupling power with large dimensions, applies as infallibly to the cerebral organs as to all other organs in the animal system, and all other parts in the system of things ; the same rule that ascertains the contents of a cone, ascertains the contents of the cerebral organs. The size of an organ is therefore essentially different from its prominence at the surface of the brain. If an organ possesses an ample development, while its neighbors that bound it on every side are defectively developed, then it will present a prominence ; but if the organs surrounding- it are equally well developed, tic. prominence at the surface will be perceived, but a

A PHRENOLOGIST. 593

general fulness, indicating an equal extent of development.
It is precisely the same in regard to a defectively developed
organ. Both the prominences and recessions presented
at the surface speak only a relative, not an absolute
language. The only true mode of ascertaining size, is to
estimate, as near as possible, the dimensions of the organ
at the surface of the brain, and the distance of that sur
face from		the centre of the axis. In an equal develop
ment of the organs, a difficulty may occur in estimating
the dimensions of an individual organ at the surface, as Ito
prominence will then be presented ; and hence, as many
would infer, no positive data upon which to ground an
estimate.		In a case of that kind, the superficial dimen
sions may		be calculated from the general size of that
region of the bead where the organ is situated. In the
equal development of a number of organs, their super
ficies will		increase in proportion as they recede from the
axis. The periphery of the whole head must obviously
increase in the direct ratio to its size. The periphery
of its several parts must follow the same general rule.
It therefore follows, as a necessary consequence, that
in equal developments of different organs, the breadth
of each organ will increase in proportion to the increase
of its length ; hence, in cases of that kind, the length
of an organ affords the data from which its breadth
may be estimated. In regarding size as indicative of
power, care must be taken to distinguish between power
and activity. The one has reference to the enreryy, the
other to the rapidity, with which the faculties act. The
one accomplishes by a slow but sure movement, the other
by a quick		and sudden turn. While the balance-wheel of
a watch exhibits activity, the elements of power are
manifested		in the walking-beam of a steam-engine ; hence
you perceive that a watch has a sanguine-nervous tem
perament,		while a steam-engine has a biUôw-77ymphattio.
The same		quantum of power, other circumstances being
equal, ought to be attended with the same degree of
activity ; which is, in facfi, .nothing more than a facility


594	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

and quickness in the exercise of it by the individual. The general rule, that the size of an organ indicates its power, must of course be subject to the condition of other things being equal. The circumstances under which individuals have been placed, and their agency in calling forth the faculties into active manifestation, together with the different temperaments of individuals, or the strong original tendencies of their constitutions, are disturbing elements in the application of the general rule. Their disturbing forces can to some extent be estimated, and the effects they produce be calculated upon in the modification of size. Exercise, in effect, varies power, by rendering it more available. The size of the organ gives the tendency to the proper exercise of its functions. The tendency to that exercise is also given by. the presentment of external objects fitted by nature to excite to activity. Let those objects be wanting, and the power itself might slumber, and would possess less aptitude to exert itself in proportion to the paucity of objects that could call it into exercise. Men are variously situated in regard to the conditions under which they act, and the circumstances that surround them : hence, faculties of the same degree of strength in different individuals may have been exposed in different degrees to those objects that constitute their natural aliment. From this results the difference in the .opportunities afforded for their exercise. To estimate properly the influence of this modifying cause, the circumstances in which the individual has been placed must be considered. That influence, under ordinary circumstances, seldom forms a large item in the estimate, because the kind of objects fitted to call into exercise the activities of the mind may be found in almost every sphere of human life. We all breathe the same atmosphere, tread the same earth, are overhung by the same heavens, and surrounded by the same kind of natural objects. Had the destiny of a Franklin penned him within the limits of a sheepfold, we might not, at this time, have seen the lightning of

A PHRENOLOGIST. 595

heaven controlled by human agency ; but his faculties would, nevertheless, within a limited sphere, have sought and found the objects they were framed to act upon.
Orfila,' says the I Medical Times,' ° the best known of living scientific men, doctor of medicine and surgery, professor of chemistry, and dean of the most distinguished medical faculty in the world, member of the academy of medicine, commander of the legion of honor, peerelect of France in 1844, so illustrious alike in rank and deeds, was in 1804 a poor pilot boy in a miserable Spanish coaster.'
To estimate properly the disturbing force of exercise as a modification of size, it becomes necessary to be acquainted with individual history. The modification of size most important to, be attended to, results from the original constitution or quality of the body. These are indicated by the temperament of the individual.
In the reduction of this science to practice, after ascertaining the general size of the head, the next point to be settled is-are the different regions of the brain and the organs that compose them equally developed ? If so, the tendencies to action will be every way alike ; the individual will exhibit the most opposite phases of character, and his actions will be called forth, not by the predominance of faculties, but by the predominating influence of the circumstances in which he may happen to be placed. If those circumstances are in their nature calculated, to excite the propensities, the rein will be given to them. If to call into exercise the higher sentiments, they, for the time being, will exercise a controlling influence ; the one would lead to sin, the other to repentance, and these together would form no inconsiderable item in his biography. Such a person was Sheridan. In the estimate of such a character, or rather such an absence of all fixed character, the circumstances should be alone considered. But these are varying every hour. An individual of this description would, therefore, be a subject that would set calculation and estimate, and every kind of conclusion, at defiance ;

596	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

excepting always the conclusion that nothing could be concluded upon. Possessing tendencies to action, and capacities of acting, every way alike, be would be the unresisting subject of circumstances ; a case of this kind, however, is of rare occurrence.
The subject next to be ascertained would be, whether any one organ was developed to any considerable extent beyond others. If so, its controlling influence will pervade, in a greater or less degree, every department, whether of feeling or -of intellect. It would constitute what is generally termed a leading feature, or prominent trait, in his character. A large Love of Approbation would seek its appropriate aliment, through all the means that could be rendered available for that purpose by the faculties that were combined with it.
In no instance is this more strikingly exemplified than in the career of the late Sir Franeis Burdett. I cannot forbear quoting a newspaper sketch of him, published in 1837 :-' At one time we find him as the leader of the radicals, standing almost alone in the Commons against the ancient oligarchy, launching his thunder against the boroughmongers, sent to the Tower for defence of a pri. vate citizen's rights, and encountering a government prosecution and its consequences for his indignant dentin. ciation of the magistracy and yeomanry who cut down a peaceable and unarmed multitude met at Manchester for the purpose of petitioning for Parliamentary Reform. At another time we find him coldly supporting the Grey administration in its forward movements, but giving it his hearty support whenever the Stanley and Graham obstructive interests predominated ; and, when the Melbourne administration came into power, with the promise, at least, of carrying out nearly all the principles which he formerly professed, we find him abandoning all those principles, and regularly enlisting in the ranks of the men who had ever been the enemies of that reform which it bad been his glory to advocate.
Does the history of England present another such

A PHRENOLOGIST.  597

instance of inconsistency and imbecility ? And does the philosophy of Stewart and Reid, with their understanding and will, and judgment and imagination, and memory and common sense, afford any explanation of the extraordinary and pitiable changes which take place in the conduct of public men ?
	The truth is, that in looking for the cause of Sir Francis Burdett's tergiversation, we must come to the science of Gall, and Spurzheim, and Combe. Sir Francis has always had an exceeding °° Love of Approbation."
When a very young man, his desire for applause took the direction of literary fame, and be was proud to figure as one of the interlocutors in John Horne Tooke's "Diversions of Parley." Subsequently, and still under the influence of Horne Tooke's more powerful mind, it was gratified with the shouts of the multitude, and the title of "England's Glory and Westminster's Pride." Even his palmiest days, when these misgoverned islands °' rung from side to side "with his name, and he was the object of admiration, and almost idolatry, to every youthful reformer, it was under stood that his Westminster committee could keep him to his professed principles only by administering strongly to his vanity, and by persuading him that at the head of the reformers he was indeed "England's glory." The firm minded, right-principled, and venerable Major Cartwright early exposed the hollowness of his' pretensions, the narrow grasp of his intellect, his slender hold of principles, and the low source of his ambition. The man is the same still, though his course of conduct has changed, as a stream is the same though it finds its way into another channel. The motive of Sir Francis-his spring of action -is the same. Applause has been his daily food. When he was young and ardent he sought it from the multitude, and now he is old and idle he seeks it from the ancient dowagers in trousers, who adorn the house of hereditary wisdom. His daily vocation was gone long before the Reform Bill was introduced. Better intellects bad come into the field that had been his own exclusive. possession


598 THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF

Reform principles were advocated with a power that be never possessed, even in his, most energetic days. Instead of being at the head. of the glorious army that was advancing with firm steps and well-pointed arms against the old strongholds of corruption, he had but a subaltern's command, and less than a subaltern's reputation,. No shouts from admiring crowds burst upon his ear. He disliked the toil which brought hive no'°G glory," and took the first opportunity of stealing away to the enemy's camp, and there found that flattery and deference which had become necessary to his existence.'
The next inquiry should be-Are any particular regions of the brain, or sets of organs, more extensively developed than other organs or sets in the same head ? If s(r); them combined action will strongly influence the general course of conduct. Is the region round, above, and just behind the ear, better developed than any other ? Secretiveness, Combativeness, and Destructiveness, may be presumed to predominate. Does the same occur in regard to, the region in front of the ear ? Acquisitiveness and Constructiveness predominate ; the former seeking a gratification through the medium of the latter. Is the upper back part of the head more largely developed than other parts ? Self-esteem, Love of Approbation, and Firmness nosy be expected- to communicate their modified result to the wile character. Is the upper central part of the Iread similarly developed ? Cautiousness, Conscientiousness, and Ideality may be expected to carry through the entire mental economy the sense of fear, of justice, and of beauty. Is a larger quantity of cerebral matter found in the upper frontal region of the brain, than in other parts of it ?-we may calculate that Hope will clothe the future in brightness ; that Veneration will look up with awe and reverence to a superior being ; and that Benevolence will be ever ready to extend relief to the wretched. The character will thus exhibit goodness rather than greatness. In the large development of the frontal region of the brain, the strong operations of an ever-active intellect are to be found.

A PHRENOLOGIST. 599

	After acquiring a facility in eetnnnating the influence of one predominating faculty, or of particular sets, of faculties, the nest object to acqaive, is the modifying influence which one faculty or set of faculties will exercise over others. Veneration, for instance, when influenced bye faith, hope, and charity, and aided b9 Conscientiousness, will regard the Supreme as, all that man can desire. or love, and all that he should adore and worship ; but large Veneration, where there is a deficienc, of faith, hope, charity, and Conscientiousness, and an energetic dJvolopment of Acquisitiveness, will make gokd the object of its worship, and bow down at the shrine. of wealth. The same combination, assisted by Self-esteem, will lead to the veneration of titles, of kings, and kingly state. A large Ideality, aided by large Hope, and with moderate Cautiousness and large reflecting faculties, constitutes the wild visionary projector. The same combination, with small Conscientiousness and Benevolence, and large Acquisitiveness, constitutes the gambler. A miser, in the money sense of the word, has large Self-esteem, large Acquisitiveness, moderate Benevolence, and deficient Love of Approbation. Destructiveness, Combatireness, Secretiveness, Firmness, Self-esteem, and Love of Approbation constitute the warrior ; death seeks his victims through all these organs largely developed. Cunning and stratagem. result from large Secretiveness uncontrolled by Conscientiousness. Courage and perseverance result from Combativeness and Firmness ; honor, ambition, and a thirst for praise and greatness, from Self-esteem and Love of Approbation. The same combination existing in the virtuous and upright man, is hallowed and controlled by Conscientiousness, Veneration, faith, hope; and charity. The practical applications of the science are numerous and important. In mental derangement, in education, in jurisprudence, its principles and practice become interesting objects of in quiry. The phenomena of disease can only be understood by a reference to beaItby action. This science, 6y investigating the action of the faculties in health, their relation

600	THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A PHRENOLOGIST.

with each other, and their connection with the organisation, with the view of arriving at the condition under which they act, is prepared to take enlarged views of medical ethics, and to suggest the proper remedy for every mental alienation. Education is, or should be, the cultivation of the mental faculties by supplying each with its proper aliment. What is the object and end of all jurisprudence, civil or criminal ? It is the collection of general principles, and their application to human acts, so far as those acts affect the rights or privileges of others ; or, in other words, it is the ascertaining and embodying of the relations existing between man and man, arising from the familiarity of intercourse. Bnt all these relations will be understood and acted upon when all the faculties are brought to act in harmonious concert with each other. Then man will have attained the ultimate perfection of his nature, and the same general principles that are now reposing in black letter, and slumbering beneath the lumber of ten thousand volumes, will bind together the framework of society, and will be constantly evolving in all their beautiful proportions of life, from the warehouse of the merchant, the shop of the mechanic, and the homestead of the agriculturist.
These concluding remarks include the opinions of some of the most celebrated Phrenologists, as well as my own personal observation. Among other authorities may be named Dr. Spurzheim, the late Dr. Andrew Combe, Mr. George Combe, Dr. William Weir, late lecturer on Phrenology in the Audersonian University of Glasgow, Dr. Caldwell, and Mr. Amos Dean of the United States, and various articles in the Edinburgh ° Phrenological Journal,' the ° American Phrenological Journal,' and the French Phrenological Journal.'

INDEX.

A.

Abbey Church at Westminster, 14-Affection, Stanzas for Music, 481 -Apollo, Temple of, 106-Andersonian University and Medical Education in Scotland, 399-Author, birthplace of, 3-Death of his mother, 26-Is removed to the house of a Cousin, 27-Is punished for a fault he did not commit, 28-Is admitted a scholar on the Foundation of King Charles I, at Westminster, 33 -Is made the head boy's Fag-Description of the taming of a fag, 35-undergoes almost daily corporal punishment for his bad writing, 38-Anecdote of the inutility of corporal punishment-Its danger to the sanity of the Child, 39-Poetry, the Author's passion for, 43-Story-telling in Public Schools, the Author's delight in, 44- What brought his Story-telling to a close, 44 - Apprenticeship of the Author, 60- Description of his master, 61 -Author's journeyings and thrashings, 64-66-Absconds, 69-Is recaptured, 70-Taken before a Magistrate, 71-Absconds a second time, 72-Becomes a lady's Page, 73-Author's Cousin, his kindness, 68-His death, 74Tnbute to 74-Author changes his Service, 80-Kounted and Dismounted, 80-Author quits service and is apprenticed to a Printer, 84-Becomes a Member of the Swedenborgian Church, 93 -Author's Marriage, 109-Obtains a premium 110-Studies, the Pestalozzian System of Education, ill-Sketch of his System, 114-Author becomes a Teacher, and makes Pestalozzi his model 116-120-Makes Physical Exercise a chief part of his System, 120-Considers Pestalozzithe Founder of Reformatorv Schools, 112 -Testimonial in approval of the Author's mode of tuition, 122Gives Lectures in illustration of Pestallozzi's System in various parts of the Country, and organises Schools, 125-Exposure to cold by night travelling increases Adthor's deafness, 126-Assists as Minister at the Swedenborgian Church, and is ordained, 129Charge given at his Ordination by Dr. Churchill, 130-Author lectures at the Rotunda in Dublin on Pestalozzi's System, and organises a School in that city, 184, 185-Organises Schools at W antage in Berkshire and Hackney in London, 186,187-Inspects the Schools at New Lanark, 188-Organises Schools at Liverpool, Warrington Preston, 190, 194, 201-Commences the study of Medicine, 195-Presented with a Phrenological Bust and Spars-

Scanned by John van Wyhe
http://www.historyofphrenology.org.uk/
This work may be copied freely by individuals for personal use, research, and teaching (including distribution to classes) as long as this statement of availability is included in the text. It may not be converted to another format, altered or re-posted without the written consent of John van Wyhe. Use with acknowledgement.